References and Recommended Reading
Mayer S, Yim G, Onesti S, et al.:Biopsy-proven isolated sarcoid meningitis.J Neurosurg 1993, 78:994–996.
Agbogu B, Stern B, Sewell C, et al.:Therapeutic considerations in patients with refractory neurosarcoidosis.Arch Neurol 1995, 52:875–879.
Scott T:Neurosarcoidosis: progress and clinical aspects.Neurology 1993, 43:8–12.
Chapelon-Abric C, de Zuttere D, Duhaut P, et al.:Cardiac sarcoidosis—a retrospective study of 41 cases.Medicine (Baltimore) 2004, 83:315–334.
Delaney P:Neurologic manifestations in sarcoidosis.Ann Intern Med 1977, 87:336–345.
Vourlekis J, Sawyer R, Newman L:Sarcoidosis: developments in etiology, immunology and therapeutics.Adv Intern Med 2000, 45:209–257.
McGrath D, Daniil Z, Foley B, et al.:Epidemiology of familial sarcoidosis in the UK.Thorax 2000, 55:751–754.
Of importance Hoitsma E, Faber G, Dent M et al.:Neurosarcoidosis: a clinical dilemma.Lancet Neurol 2004, 3:397–407. Excellent recent update and review of diagnosis of neurosarcoid.
Stern B:Neurosarcoidosis Neurol Chron 1992, 2:1–6.
Constantino T, Digre K, Zimmerman P:Neuro-ophthalmic complications of sarcoidosis.Semin Neurol 2000, 20:123–137.
Castellano-Sanchez A:Extensive leptomeningeal and intraparenchymatous spinal cord neurosarcoidosis.South Med J 2000, 93:815–817.
Zajicek J, Scolding N, Foster O, et al.:Central nervous system sarcoidosis—diagnosis and management.Q J Med 1999, 92:103–117.
Of importance Marangoni S, Argentiero V, Tavolto B:Neurosarcoidosis: clinical description of 7 cases with a proposal for a new diagnostic strategy.J Neurol 2006, 253:488–495. Proposes a new diagnosis strategy.
Dumas J, Valeyre D, Chapelon-Abric C, et al.:Central nervous system sarcoidosis: follow-up at MRI during steroid therapy.Radiology 2000, 214:411–420.
Handler M, Johnson L, Dick A, et al.:Neurosarcoidosis with unusual MRI findings.Neuroradiology 1993, 35:146–148.
Borucki S, Nguyen B, Ladoulis C, et al.:Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin abnormalities in neurosarcoidosis.Arch Neurol 1989, 46:270–273.
Oksanen V, Fyhrquist F, Somer H, et al.:Angiotensin-converting enzyme in cerebral fluid.Neurology 1985, 35:1220–1223.
Dale J, O’Brien J:Determination of angiotension-converting enzyme levels in cerebrospinal fluid is not a useful test for the diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis.Mayo Clin Proc 1999, 74:535.
Stern B, Griffin D, Luke R, et al.:Neurosarcoidosis cerebrospinal fluid lymphocyte subpopulations.Neurology 1987, 37:878–881.
Hoitsma E, Marziniak M, Faber CG, et al.:Small fiber neuropathy in sarcoidosis.Lancet 2002, 359:2085–2086.
Reed L, Abbas S, Markivee C, et al.:Neurosarcoidosis responding to steroids.AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986, 146:819–821.
Baughman R, Winget D, Lower E:Methotrexate is steroid sparing in acute sarcoidosis: results of a double blind, randomized trial.Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2000, 17:60–66.
Doty J, Mazur J, Judson M:Treatment of corticosteroid-resistant neurosarcoidosis with a short-course cyclophosphamide regimen.Chest 2003, 124:2023–2026.
Weiner H, Mackin G, Orav E, et al.:Intermittent cyclo-phosphamide pulse therapy in progressive multiple sclerosis: final report of the Northeast Cooperative Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Group.Neurology 1993, 43:910–918.
Boumpas D, Yamada H, Patronas N, et al.:Pulse cyclophosphamide for severe neuropsychiatric lupus.Q J Med 1991, 81:975–984.
Stern B, Schonfeld A, Sewell C, et al.:The treatment of neurosarcoidosis with cyclosporine.Arch Neurol 1992, 49:1063–1072.
Bielory L, Holland C, Gascon P, et al.:Uveitis, cutaneous and neurosarcoid: treatment with low-dose cyclosporine A.Transplant Proc 1988, 20:144–148.
Doty J, Mazur J, Judson M:Treatment of neurosarcoidosis with infliximib.Chest 2005, 127:1064–1071.
Pettersen J, Zochodne D, Bell B, et al.:Refractory neurosarcoidosis responding to infliximb.Neurology 2002, 59:1660–1661.
Sollberger M, Fluri F, Baumann T, et al.:Successful treatment of steroid-refractory neurosarcoidosis with infliximab.J Neurol 2004, 251:760–761.
Katz J, Bruno M, Winterkorn J, et al.:The pathogenesis and treatment of optic disc swelling in neurosarcoidosis: a unique therapeutic response to infliximib.Arch Neurol 2003, 60:426–430.
Carter J, Valeriano J, Vasey F, et al.:Refractory neurosarcoidosis: a dramatic response to infliximib.Am J Med 2004, 117:277–279.
Sharma O:Effectiveness of chloroquine and hydroxyl-chloroquine in treating selected patients with sarcoidosis with neurological involvement.Arch Neurol 1998, 55:1248–1254.
Bruns F, Pruemer B, Haverkamp U, et al.:Neurosarcoidosis: an unusual indication for radiotherapy.Br J Radiol 2004, 77:777–779.
Bejar I, Kerby G, Ziegler D, et al.:Treatment of central nervous system sarcoidosis with radiotherapy.Ann Neurol 1985, 18:258–260.
Menninger M, Amdur R, Marcus R Jr:Role of radiotherapy in the treatment of neurosarcoidosis.Am J Clin Oncol 2003, 26:e115-e118.
Kingsley D, Kendall B:CT of the adverse effects of therapeutic radiation of the central nervous system.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1981, 2:453–460.
Fried E, Landau A, Sher J, et al.:Spinal cord sarcoidosis: a case report and review of the literature.J Assoc Acad Minor Phys 1993, 4:132–137.
Hesselmann V, Wedekind C, Terstegge K, et al.:An isolated fourth ventricle in neurosarcoidosis: MRI findings.Eur Radiol 2002, 12:S1-S3.
Foley K, Howell J, Junck L:Progression of hydrocephalus during corticosteroid therapy for neurosarcoidosis.Postgrad Med J 1989, 65:481–484.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Patel, A.V., Stickler, D.E. & Tylor, W.R. Neurosarcoidosis. Curr Treat Options Neurol 9, 161–168 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02938405
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02938405