Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Activation of human B lymphocytes

Thein vitro polyclonal B cell activator-induced plaque-forming cell system

  • Editorials
  • Published:
Ricerca in clinica e in laboratorio

Summary

The characteristics of human B lymphocyte triggering, differentiation, and regulation are described using the polyclonally induced anti-sheep red blood cell hemolytic plaque-forming cell assay system. Technical and methodologic considerations, cellular requirements and mechanisms of regulation including suppressor and helper influences are discussed. Also considered are theoretical concepts regarding normal immune response versus pathologic immune states and the potential biologic role of polyclonal activation in these human immune mechanisms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. Bobgrove S. M., Miller P.: Depressedin vitro B-lymphocyte differentiation in systemiclupus erythematosus—Arthr. and Rheum.20, 1326, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Brochier J., Samarut C., Gueho J. P., Revillard J. P.: T-dependence of human B lymphocyte proliferation response to mirogens—Int. Arch. Allergy51, 101, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Budman D. R., Merchant E. B., Steinberg A. D., Doft B., Gershwin M. E., Lizzio E., Reeves J. P.: Increased spontaneous activity of antibody forming cells in the peripheral blood of patients with active systemiclupus erythematosus—Arthr. and Rheum.20, 289, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Cohen P. L., Ziff M.: Abnormal polyclonal B cell activation in NZB/NZW F1 mice—J. Immunol.119, 1523, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cooper M. D., Keightley R. G., Wu L. Y. F., Lawton A. R.: Developmental defects of T and B cell lines in humans—Transplant. Rev.16, 51, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Cooper M. D., Lawton A. R., Bochman D. E.: Agammaglobulinemia with B lymphocytes. Specific defect of plasma cell differentiation—Lancetii, 791, 1971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Cooper M. D., Peterson R. D. A., South M. A., Good R. A.: The function of the thymus system and bursa system in the chicken—J. exp. Med.123, 75, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Coutinho A., Möller G.: Thymus independent B cell induction and paralysis—Advanc. Immunol.21, 113, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Defraissey J. F., Galanaud P., Dormont J., Wallon C.: Primaryin vitro antibody response from human peripheral blood lymphocytes—J. Immunol.118, 630, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dimitriu A., Fauci A. S.: Activation of human B lymphocytes. IX. Modulation of antibody production by products of activated macrophages—J. Immunol.120, 1818, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dimitriu A., Fauci A. S.: Activation of human B lymphocytes. XI. Differential effects of azathioprine on B lymphocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations regulating B cell function— J. Immunol.121, 2335, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Dosch H. M., Gelfand E. W.: Generation of human plaque forming cells in culture: tissue distribution, antigenic and cellular requirements—J. Immunol.118 302, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Eby W. C., Chong C. A., Dray S., Molinaro G. A.: Enumerating immunoglobulin-secreting cells among peripheral blood human lymphocytes. A hemolytic plaque assay for B cell function—J. Immunol.115, 1700, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Fauci A. S.: Human B cell function in a polyclonally induced plaque forming cell system. Cell triggering and immunoregulation—Immunol. Rev.45, 1979. (In press).

  15. Fauci A. S.: Unpublished observations.

  16. Fauci A. S., Ballieux R. E.: Antibody production in man:in vitro synthesis and clinical implications—Academic Press, New York, 1979. (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Fauci A. S., Haynes B. F.: Pokeweed mitogen-induced PFC responses of human peripheral blood lymphocytes: regulation of B cell triggering—In:Fauci A. S., Ballieux R. E. (Eds): Antibody production in man:in vitro synthesis and clinical implications. Academic Press, New York, 1979. (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Fauci A. S., Kingry K. R.: Unpublished observations.

  19. Fauci A. S., Pratt K. R. Publications of Karen R. Kingry prior to 1977 are in the name of Karen R. Pratt. Activation of human B lymphocytes. I. Direct plaque forming cell assay for the measurement of polyclonal activation and antigenic stimulation of human B lymphocytes—J. exp. Med.144, 674, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Fauci A. S., Pratt K. R.: Polyclonal activation of bone-marrow derived lymphocytes from human peripheral blood measured by a direct plaque-forming cell assay—Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.)73, 3676, 1976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Fauci A. S., Pratt K. R., Whalen G: Activation of human B lymphocytes. II. Cellular interactions in PFC response of human tonsillar and peripheral blood B lymphocytes to polyclonal activation by PWM—J. Immunol.117, 2100, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Fauci A. S., Pratt K. R., Whalen G: Activation of human B lymphocytes. VIII. Differential radiosensitivity of subpopulations of lymphoid cells involved in the polyclonally-induced PFC responses of peripheral blood B lymphocytes—Immunology35, 715, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fauci A. S., Pratt K. R., Whalen G.: Activation of human B lymphocytes. IV. Regulatory effects of corticosteroids on the triggering signal in the plaque-forming cell response of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes to polyclonal activation—J. Immunol.199, 598, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Fauci A. S., Steinberg A. D., Haynes B. F., Whalen G.: Immunoregulatory aberrations in systemiclupus erythematosus—J. Immunol.121, 1473, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gmelig-Meyling F., Uytdehaag A. G. C. M., Ballieux R. E.: Human B cell activationin vitro. T cell dependent pokeweed mitogen-induced differentiation of blood B lymphocytes— Cell. Immunol.33, 156, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Gowans J. L., McGregor D. D.: The immunological activities of lymphocytes—Progr. Allergy9, 1, 1965.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Greaves M. F., Janossy G., Doenhoff M.: Selective triggering of human T and B lymphocytesin vitro by polyclonal mitogens—J. exp. Med.140, 1, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gronowicz E., Coutinho A.: Selective triggering of B cell subpopulations by mitogens— Europ. J. Immunol.4, 771, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Gronowicz E., Coutinho A.: Functional analysis of B cell heterogeneity—Transplant. Rev.24, 3, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gronowicz E., Countinho A.: Responsiveness of lymphoid precursors to polyclonal B-cell activators—Scand. J. Immunol.4, 429, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gronowicz E., Coutinho A.: Heterogeneity of B cells: direct evidence of selective triggering of distinct subpopulations by polyclonal activators—Scand. J. Immunol.5, 55, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gronowicz E., Countinho A., Möller G.: Differentiation of B cells: sequential appearance of responsiveness to polyclonal activators—Scand. J. Immunol.3, 413, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hammerstrom L., Smith E., Primi D., Möller G.: Induction of auto-antibodies to red blood cells by polyclonal B-cell activators—Nature (Lond.)263, 60, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Haynes B. F., Fauci A. S.: Activation of human B lymphocytes. III. Concanavalin A-induced generation of suppressor cells of the plaque-forming cell response of normal human B lymphocytes—J. Immunol.118, 2281, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Haynes B. F., Fauci A. S.: Activation of human B lymphocytes. VI. Immunoregulation of antibody production by mitogen-induced and naturally occurring suppressor cells in normal individuals—Cell. Immunol.36, 294, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Haynes B. F., Fauci A. S.: Activation of human B lymphocytes. X. Heterogeneity of concanavalin A generated suppressor cells of the pokeweed mitogen-induced plaque-forming cell response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes—J. Immunol.121, 559, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Haynes B. F., Fauci A. S.: Mechanisms of corticosteroid action on lymphocyte subpopulations. IV. Effects ofin vitro hydrocortisone on naturally-occurring and mitogen-induced suppressor cells in man—Cell. Immunol. 1979. (In press).

  38. Haynes B. F., Katz P., Fauci A. S.: Mechanisms of corticosteroid action on lymphocyte subpopulations. V. Effects ofin vivo hydrocortisone on the circulatory kinetics and function of naturally-occurring and mitogen-induced suppressor cells in man—Cell. Immunol. 1979. (In press).

  39. Hayward A. R., Layward L., Lydyard P. M., Moretta L., Dagg M., Lawton A. R.: Fc receptor heterogeneity of human suppressor T cells—J. Immunol.121, 1, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Heynen C., Ballieux R. E.: Antigen-induced antibody synthesisin vitro using human peripheral blood—Proc. Dutch Fed. Mtd.18, 204, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hirano T., Kuritani T., Kishimoto T., Yamamura Y.:In vitro immune response of human peripheral lymphocytes. I. The mechanism(s) involved in T cell helper function in the pokeweed mitogen-induced differentiation and proliferation of B cells—J. Immunol.119, 1235, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Jacobs M. E., Steinberg A. D., Gordon J. K., Talal N.: Adjuvant effects of poly (I)-poly (C) in New Zealand mice—Arthr. and Rheum.15, 201, 1972.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Janossy G., Greaves M.: Functional analysis of murine and human B lymphocyte subsets— Transplant. Rev.24, 177, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Jerne N. K., Henry C., Nordin A. A., Fuji H., Karos A. M. Lefkovits I. Plaque forming cells: methodology and theory—Transplant. Rev.18, 130, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Jerne N. K., Nordin A. A.: Plaque formation in agar by single antibody producing cells— Science140, 405, 1963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Katz P., Fauci A. S.: Inhibition of polyclonal B-cells activation by suppressor monocytes in patients with sarcoidosis—Clin. exp. Immunol.32, 554, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Katz P., Fauci A. S.: Activation of human B lymphocytes. VII. The regulatory effect of cyclic adenosine monophosphate on human B cell activation—J. Allergy clin. Immunol.61, 334, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Keightley R. G., Cooper M. D., Lawton A. R.: T cell dependence of B cell differentiation induced by pokeweed mitogen—J. Immunol.117, 1538, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Knapp W., Baumgartner G.: Monocyte-mediated suppression of human B lymphocyte differentiationin vitro—J. Immunol.121, 1177, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lipsky P. E., Ginsberg W. W., Finkelman F. D., Ziff M.: Control of human B lymphocyte responsiveness enhanced suppressor T cell activity afterin vitro incubation—J. Immunol.120, 902, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Lord E. M., Dutton R. W.: The properties of plaque-forming cells from autoimmune and normal strains of mice with specificity for autologous erythrocyte antigens—J. Immunol.115, 1199, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Luzzati A. L., Taussig M. J., Meo T., Pernis B.: Induction of an antibody response in cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes—J. exp. Med.114, 573, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. McHugh Y. E., Bonavida B.: Autoreactive antibody-forming cells directed against thymocytes and thymus-derived lymphocytes—J. Immunol.121, 1090, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Miescher P. A., Müller-Eberhard H.-J.: Textbook of immunopathology—Grune and Stratton, New York, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Mishell R. I., Dutton R. W.: Immunization of dissociated spleen cell cultures from normal mice—J. exp. Med.126, 423, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Möller G.: Antigen sensitive cells. Their source and differentiation—Transplant. Rev.1, 1, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Möller G.: Lymphocyte activation by mitogens—Transplant. Rev.11, 1, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Möller G.: One nonspecific signal triggers B lymphocytes—Transplant. Rev.23, 126, 1975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Moretta L., Mingari M. C., Romanzi C. A.: Loss of Fc receptors for IgG from human B lymphocytes exposed to IgG immune complexes—Nature (Lond.)272 618, 1978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Moretta L., Webb S. R., Grossr C. E., Lydyard P. M., Cooper M. D.: Functional analysis of two human T-cell subpopulations: help and suppression of B-cell responses by T cells bearing receptors for IgM or IgG—J. exp. Med.146, 184, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Morimoto C., Abe T., Hara T., Homma M.:In vitro TNP specific antibody formation by peripheral lymphocytes from patients with systemiclupus erythematosus—Scand. J. Immunol.6, 575, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Muchmore A. V., Koski I., Dooley N., Blaese R. M.: Artifactual plaque formationin vitro andin vivo due to passive transfer of specific antibody—J. Immunol.116, 1016, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Nies K. M., Louie J. D.: Impaired immunoglubulin synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes in systemiclupus erythematosus—Arthr. and Rheum.21, 51, 1978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Platts-Mills T., Oldhan G., de la Concha E. G., Snajdi M. J.: T-B collaboration in thein vitro response to diphtheria toxoid: evidence favouring a role for B cells in the generation of T cell help—In:Fauci A. S., Ballieux R. E. (Eds.) Antibody production in man:in vitro synthesis and clinical implications. Academic Press, New York, 1979. (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Raff M. C.: T and B lymphocytes and immune responses—Nature (Lond.)242, 19, 1973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Raff M. C., Feldman M., de Petris S.: Monospecificity of bone-marrow derived lymphocytes —J. exp. Med.137, 1024, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Riott I. M., Greaves M. F., Torrigiani G., Brostoff J., Playfair J. H. L.: The cellular basis of immunologic responses—Lancetii, 367, 1969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Rynnel-Dagoo B., Kumori T., Ringden O., Möller E.: Induction of antibody synthesis in human lymphocytes from different organs by different PBA substances.—In:Fauci A. S., Ballieux R. E. (Eds.): Antibody production in man:in vitro synthesis and clinical implications. Academic Press, New York, 1979. (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Saxon A., Stevens R. H., Ashman R. F.: Regulation of immunoglobulin production in human peripheral blood leukocytes: cellular interaction—J. Immunol.118, 1872, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Saxon A., Stevens R. H., Ramer S. J., Clements P. J., Yu D. T. Y.: Glucocorticoids administeredin vivo inhibit suppressor T lymphocyte function and diminish B lymphocyte responsiveness inin vitro immunoglobulin synthesis—J. clin. Invest.61, 122, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Siegal F. A., Siegal M.: Enhancement by irradiated T cells of human plasma cell production: dissection of helper and suppressor functionin vitro—J. Immunol.118, 642, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Talal N. (Ed.): Autoimmunity. Genetic, immunologic, virologic, and clinical aspects— Academic Press, New York, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Taylor-Upsahl M. M., Abrahamsen T. G., Natvig J. B.: Rheumatoid factor plaque-forming cells in rheumatoid synovial tissue—Clin. exp. Immunol.28, 197, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Vaughan J. H., Chihara T., Moore T. L., Robbins D. L., Tanimoto K., Johnson J. S., McMillan R.: Rheumatoid factor-producing cells detected by direct hemolytic plaque assay— J. clin. Invest.58, 933, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Waldmann T. A., Broder S., Krakauer R., MacDermott R. P., Durm M., Goldman C., Meade B.: The role of suppressor cells in the pathogenesis of common variable hypogammaglobulinemia and immunodeficiency associated with multiple myeloma—Fed. Proc.35, 2067, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Waldmann T. A., Durm M., Broder S., Blackman M., Blaese R. M., Strober W.: Role of suppressor T cells in pathogenesis of common variable hypogammaglobulinemia—Lancetii, 609, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Weigle W. O.: Cellular events in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis, allergic encephalomyelitis and tolerance to self—In:Talal N. (Ed.): Autoimmunity. Genetic, immunologic, virologic, and clinical aspects. Academic Press, New York, 1977; p. 141.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kingry, K.R., Fauci, A.S. Activation of human B lymphocytes. La Ricerca Clin. Lab. 9, 207–221 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02932173

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02932173

Key-words

Navigation