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The southward enlargement of the EC

Consequences for industries and industrial policies

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  • European Community
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Intereconomics

Abstract

On January 1, 1981 the southward extension of the EC starts with the accession of Greece. Spain and Portugal are to follow suit in the near future. The consequences in the industrial sphere will be less spectacular than those in agriculture but still of considerable importance for the process of integration in a Community of Twelve.

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References

  1. Irish per-capita GDP in 1978: US$ 3,780 (cf. OECD: International Comparisons, Paris 1980).

  2. Cf. N. Perdikis: Concentration and Foreign Domination in the Greek Manufacturing Sector, in: A. Pepelasis et al.: The Mediterranean Challenge, Vol. IV, The Tenth Member, Sussex 1980, p. 210: ILO: Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal, Geneva 1979, p. 200; E. N. Baklanoff: The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal, New York 1978, p. 44, 46.

  3. Ratio of imports to domestic consumption; cf. W. Hummen: Greek Industry in the European Community—Prospects and Problems, Berlin 1977, p. 17; Plano de Médio Prazo de Portugal 1977–80, Vol. Energia, Indústrias Extractivas e Transformadoras, Lisbon 1977, p. 154–156.

  4. Cf. W. Hummen: Greece and the European Community. Problems and Prospects of Greek Small and Medium Industry, Berlin 1978, p. 35, 37; K. Eßer et al.: Portugal. Industrie und Industriepolitik vor dem Beitritt zur Europäischen Gemeinschaft (Portugal. Industry and industrial policy prior to the accession to the European Community), Berlin. 1977, p. 75–76; R. Prodi, A. CI ò, F. Gobbo: La industria española y la ampliación de la CEE, Conference on Spain and the Enlargement of the EEC, Madrid, Jan. 17–19, 1979, p. 28; Statistisches Bundesamt: Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1976.

  5. All figures for 1977 calculated on the basis of Eurostat: Statistische Grundzahlen der Gemeinschaft 1979, Brussels-Luxembourg 1979.

  6. Cf. Statistical Yearbook of Greece 1978, Athens 1979; W. Hummen: Greek Industry ..., op. cit. in the European Community—Prospects and Problems, Berlin 1977, p.22, 70; Estadisticas Industriais de Portugal 1977, Lisbon 1979; Plano de Médio Prazo de Portugal 1977–80, Vol. Politica Regional, Lisbon 1977, p. 26; Banco de Bilbao: Renta nacional de España y su distribución provincial 1975, Bilbao 1977.

  7. Cf. S. A. Musto: Spanien und die Europäische Gemeinschaft, Folgen und Probleme (Spain and the European Community, consequences and problems), Berlin 1977, p. 78.

  8. For the development of foreign trade since 1950 cf. the indices in UN: Yearbook of International Trade Statistics 1978, New York 1979.

  9. Cf. World Bank: World Tables 1980, Washington, DC, 1980.

  10. Cf. UNCTAD: Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics 1979, New York 1979.

  11. cf. UN: Yearbook of International Trade Statistics 1968, 1978, New York 1970, 1979.

  12. Calculated in both years for the EC of the Nine from OECD: Trade by Commodities, Series C 1965, 1977, Paris 1966, 1979.

  13. Calculations concerning the factor intensities of industry in the acceding countries are found in J. B. Donges, K. W. Schatz: Muster der industriellen Arbeitsteilung im Rahmen einer erweiterten Europäischen Gemeinschaft (Pattern of industrial division of labour in the compass of an enlarged European Community), in: Die Weltwirtschaft, 1980, No. 1, p. 170; K. Eßer et al.: Überlegungen zur portugiesischen Industriepolitik angesichts des Beitritts zur EG (Reflections on the Portuguese industrial policy in the light of the accession to the EC), Berlin 1980, p. 75–76.

  14. Cf. G. Ashoff et al.: Industriepolitik Portugals und Krisenindustrien in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft (Portugal’s industrial policy and distressed industries in the European Community). Fallstudie Textil und Bekleidung (Case study: Textiles and clothing), Berlin 1980, p. 107.

  15. Cf. EC Commission: Statement on Spain’s application for membership, in: Bulletin of the European Communities 9/78, p. 22. The EC duties on imported industrial goods (SITC 5–8) average in the unweighted arithmetical mean including zero tariff items 7.6% (Jan. 1, 1976): Calculated from W. Hummen: Greek Industry ..., op. cit., in the European Community—Prospects and Problems, Berlin 1977, p. 72.

  16. Cf. EC Commission: Statement on the Greek application for membership, in: Bulletin of the European Communities 2/76, p. 12–13; the present nominal averages have been calculated from Hummen’s figures for 1976 with appropriate adjustments for later changes. Cf. W. Hummen: Greek Industry ..., op. cit. in the European Community—Prospects and Problems, Berlin 1977, p. 72.

  17. Cf. EC Commission: Statement on Portugal’s application for membership, in: Bulletin of the European Communities 5/78: the 1979 protocol amending the free trade agreement of 1972 deferred the reduction of the Portuguese tariff rates which was to have taken place in 1980, to the year 1983.

  18. Cf. R. J. Langhammer: Die Präferenzabkommen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft mit Entwicklungsländern: Anpassungsprobleme in den Beitrittsländern? (The preference agreements of the European Community with developing countries: Adjustment problems in the acceding countries?), in: Die Weltwirtschaft 1980, No. 1, p. 192.

  19. Cf. R. J. Langhammer, ibid., Die Präferenzabkommen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft mit Entwicklungsländern: Anpassungsproblem in den Beitrittsländern? (The preference agreements of the European Community with developing countries: Adjustment problems in the acceding countries?), in: Die Weltwirtschaft 1980, No. 1, p. 192.

  20. E. g. A. Mitsos: The Greek Industry in the European Community: Facing the Reality, Second Conference on Integration and Unequal Development: The Implications of the Second Enlargement of the EEC, Madrid, Oct. 15–19, 1979, p. 3.

  21. Cf. A. Coughlan: The Impact of European Integration on Ireland: A Case Study, First Conference on Integration and Unequal Development, Sussex, May 29–June 2, 1979, p. 5–6.

  22. Cf. OECD: Main Economic Indicators August 1980; Economic Survey Portugal July 1980; Economic Survey Greece August 1980.

  23. Cf. W. Hummen: Harmonisierung versus länderspezifische Differenzierung des industriepolitischen Instrumentariums: Der Fall Griechenland (Harmonization versus differentiation of the tools of industrial policy for specific countries: The case of Greece), in: Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik: Zur Erweiterung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft in Südeuropa, Berlin 1977, p. 34.

  24. Cf. J. B. Donges, K. W. Schatz, op. cit. Muster der industriellen Arbeitsteilung im Rahmen einer erweiterten Europäischen Gemeinschaft (Pattern of industrial division of labour in the compass of an enlarged European Community), in: Die Weltwirtschaft, 1980, No. 1, p. 160.

  25. Cf. G. Ashoff et al., op. cit. Industriepolitik Portugals und Krisenindustrien in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft (Portugal’s industrial policy and distressed industries in the European Community). Fallstudie Textil und Bekleidung (Case study: Textiles and clothing), Berlin 1980, p. 103.

  26. This policy and the instruments required for it are discussed at length in K. Eßer et al.: Überlegungen zur portugiesischen Industriepolitik ..., op. cit. angesichts des Beitritts zur EG (Reflections on the Portuguese industrial policy in the light of the accession to the EC), Berlin 1980, p.75–76

  27. These problems have been examined in detail by Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik in a research project drawing on Portugal and in part also on Spain as examples. Cf. G. Ashoff et al., op. cit.; Industriepolitik Portugals und Krisenindustrien in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft (Portugal’s industrial policy and distressed industries in the European Community). Fallstudie Textil und Bekleidung (Case study: Textiles and clothing). Berlin 1980, K. Eßer: Industriepolitik Portugals und Krisenindustrien der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Fallstudie Chemiefasern (Case study chemical fibres). Berlin 1979; A. Eußner: The Spanish Shipbuilding Industry and the Accession of Spain to the EEC. Adjustment Requirements and Problems, Berlin 1979; A. Eußner: Industriepolitik Portugals und Krisenindustrien der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Fallstudie Schiffbau (Case study shipbuilding), Berlin 1980; W. Hummen: Industriepolitik Portugals und Krisenindustrien der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Fallstudie Stahl (Case study steel), Berlin 1979.

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  1. Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, Berlin

    Guido Ashoff

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Ashoff, G. The southward enlargement of the EC. Intereconomics 15, 299–307 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02924654

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