Skip to main content
Log in

Molecular genetics, structure, and function of C-reactive protein

  • C-Reactive Protein
  • Published:
Immunologic Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. Kushner I: The phenomenon of the acute phase response. Ann NY Acad Sci 1982;389:39–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Osmand AP, Friedenson B, Gewurz H, Painter RH, Hofmann T, Shelton E: Characterization of C-reactive protein and the complement subcomponent Clt as homologous proteins displaying cyclic pentameric symmetry (pentraxins). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977;74:739–743.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Robey FA, Liu T-Y: Limulin: A C-reactive protein fromLimulus polyphemus. J Biol Chem 1981; 256:969–975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Robey FA, Liu T-Y: Isolation and characterization of two major serum proteins from the dogfish,Mustelus canus, C-reactive protein and amyloid P component. J Biol Chem 1983;258:3889–3894.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Baldo BA, Fletcher TC: C-reactive protein-like precipitins in plaice. Nature 1973;246:145–146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Fletcher TC, White A, Baldo BA: C-reactive protein-like precipitin and lysozyme in the lumpsuckerCycloplerus lumpus L. during the breeding season. Comp Biochem Physiol 1977;57B:353–357.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Pepys MB, Dash AC, Fletcher TC, Richardson N, Munn EA, Feinstein A: Analogues in other mammals and in fish of human plasma proteins, C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component. Nature 1978;273:168–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Nguyen NY, Suzuki A, Boykins RA, Liu T-Y: The amino acid sequence ofLimulus C-reactive protein. Evidence of polymorphism. J Biol Chem 1986;261:10456–10465.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Nguyen NY, Suzuki A, Cheng S-M, Zon G, Liu T-Y: Isolation and characterization ofLimulus C-reactive protein genes. J Biol Chem 1986;261: 10450–10455.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Pepys MB, Baltz ML, Gomer K, Davies AJS, Doenhoff M: Serum amyloid P component is an acute-phase reactant in the mouse. Nature 1979; 278:259–261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Whitehead AS, Bruns GAP, Markham AF, Colten HR, Woods DE: Isolation of human C-reactive protein complementary DNA and localization of the gene to chromosome 1. Science 1983;221:69–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Floyd Smith G, Whitehead AS, Colten HR, Francke U: The human C-reactive protein gene (CRP) and serum amyloid P component gene (APCS) are located on the proximal long arm of chromosome 1. Immunogenetics 1986;24:171–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Goldman ND, Liu T, Lei KJ: Structural analysis of the locus containing the human C-reactive protein gene and its related pseudogene. J Biol Chem 1987;262:7001–7005.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ciliberto G, Pizza MG, Arcone R, Dente L: DNA sequence of a pseudogene for human C-reactive protein. Nucleic Acids Res 1987;15:5895.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Lei K-J, Liu T, Zon G, Soravia E, Liu T-Y, Goldman ND: Genomic DNA sequence for human C-reactive protein. J Biol Chem 1985;260:13377–13383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Woo P, Korenberg JR, Whitehead AS: Characterization of genomic and complementary DNA sequence of human C-reactive protein and comparison with the complementary DNA sequence of serum amyloid P component. J Biol Chem 1985; 260:13384–13388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Tucci A, Goldberger G, Whitehead AS, Kay RM, Woods DE, Colten HR: Biosynthesis and postsynthetic processing of human C-reactive protein. J Immunol 1983;131:2416–2419.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ciliberto G, Arcone R, Wagner EF, Ruther U: Inducible and tissue-specific expression of human C-reactive protein in transgenic mice. EMBO J 1987;6:4017–4022.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Arcone R, Gualandi G, Ciliberto G: Identification of sequences responsible for acute phase induction of human C-reactive protein. Nucleic Acids Res 1988;16:3195–3207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Li S-P, Liu T-Y, Goldman N:cis-Acting elements responsible for interleukin-6 inducible C-reactive protein gene expression. J Biol Chem 1990;265: 4136–4142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Gotschlich EC, Edelman GM: C-reactive protein: A molecule composed of subunits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1965;54:558–566.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Volanakis JE, Clements WL, Shrohenloher RE: C-reactive protein. Purification by affinity chromatography and physicochemical characterization. J Immunol Methods 1978;23:285–295.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Oliveira EB, Gotschlich EC, Liu T-Y: Primary structure of human C-reactive protein. J Biol Chem 1979;254:489–502.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. DeLucas LJ, Greenhough TJ, Rule SA, Myles DAA, Babu YS, Volanakis JE, Bugg CE: Preliminary X-ray study of crystals of human C-reactive protein. J Mol Biol 1987;196:741–742.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Volanakis JE: Complement activation by C-reactive protein complexes. Ann NY Acad Sci 1982; 389:235–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kilpatrick JM, Volanakis JE: Opsonic properties of C-reactive protein. Stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate enables human neutrophils to phagocytize C-reactive protein-coated cells. J Immunol 1985;134:3364–3370.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Tillet WS, Francis T: Serological reactions in pneumonia with a non-protein somatic fraction of pneumococcus. J Exp Med 1930;52:561–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Tomasz A: Choline in the cell wall of bacterium: Novel type of polymer-linked choline in pneumococcus. Science 1967;157:694–697.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Gotschlich EC, Edelman GM: Binding properties and specificity of C-reactive protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1967;57:706–712.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Young NM, Williams RE: Comparison of the secondary structures and binding sites of C-reactive protein and the phosphorylcholine-binding murine myeloma proteins. J Immunol 1978;121: 1893–1898.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kilpatrick JM, Kearney JF, Volanakis JE: Demonstration of calcium-induced conformational change(s) in C-reactive protein by using monoclonal antibodies. Mol Immunol 1982;19:1159–1165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Volanakis JE, Kaplan MH: Specificity of C-reactive protein for choline phosphate residues of pneumococcal C-polysaccharide. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1971;136:612–614.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Anderson JK, Stroud RM, Volanakis JE: Studies on the binding specificity of human C-reactive protein for phosphorylcholine. Fed Proc 1978;37: 1495.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kaplan MH, Volanakis JE: Interaction of C-reactive protein complexes with the complement system. I. Consumption of human complement associated with the reaction of C-reactive protein with pneumococcal C-polysaccharide and with the choline phosphatides, lecithin and sphingomyelin. J Immunol 1974;112:2135–2147.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Baldo BA, Fletcher TC, Pepys J: Isolation of a peptido-polysaccharide from the dermatophyteEpidermophyton fluccosum and a study of its reaction with human C-reactive protein and a mouse anti-phosphorylcholine myeloma serum. Immunology 1977;32:831–842.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Volanakis JE, Wirtz KWA: Interaction of C-reactive protein with artificial phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Nature 1979;281:155–157.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Volanakis JE, Narkates AJ: Interaction of C-reactive protein with artificial phosphatidylcholine bi-layers and complement. J Immunol 1981;126: 1820–1825.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Oliveira EB, Gotschlich EC, Liu T-Y: Comparative studies on the binding properties of human and rabbit C-reactive proteins. J Immunol 1980; 124:1396–1402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Barnum S, Narkates AJ, Suddath FL, Volanakis JE: Comparative studies on the binding specificities of C-reactive protein (CRP) and HOPC 8. Ann NY Acad Sci 1982;389:431–343.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Roux KH, Kilpatrick JM, Volanakis JE, Kearney JF: Localization of the phosphocholine-binding sites on C-reactive protein by immunoelectron microscopy. J Immunol 1983;131:2411–2415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Salonen E-M, Vartio T, Hedman K, Vaheri A: Binding of fibronectin by the acute phase reactant C-reactive protein. J Biol Chem 1984;259:1496–1501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Robey FA, Jones KD, Tanaka T, Liu T-Y: Binding of C-reactive protein to chromatin and nucleosome core particles. Possible physiological role of C-reactive protein. J Biol Chem 1984;259:7311–7316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Tsen J, Mortensen RF: Binding of human C-reactive protein (CRP) to plasma fibronectin occurs via the phosphorylcholine binding site. Mol Immunol 1988;25:679–686.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Tsen J, Mortensen RF: The effect of human C-reactive protein on the cell-attachment activity of fibronectin and laminin. Exp Cell Res 1989;180: 303–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Du Clos TW, Zlock LT, Rubin RL: Analysis of the binding of C-reactive protein to histones and chromatin. J Immunol 1988;141:4266–4270.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Du Clos TW: C-reactive protein reacts with the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein. J Immunol 1989;143:2553–2559.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Higginbothan JD, Heidelberger M, Gotschlich EC: Degradation of a pneumococcal type specific polysaccharide with exposure of group specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1970;67:138–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Uhlenbruck G, Karduck D, Haupt H, Schwick G: C-reactive-protein (CRP), 9.5s-α1-glycoprotein, and C1q: Serum proteins with lectin properties? Z. Immunitätsforsch 1979;155:262–266.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Pritchard DG, Volanakis JE, Slutsky GM, Greenblatt CL: C-reactive protein binds leishmanial excreted factors. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1985;178: 500–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Soelter J, Uhlenbruck G: The role of phosphate groups in the interaction of human C-reactive protein with galactan polysaccharides. Immunology 1986;58:139–144.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. DiCamelli R, Potempa LA, Siegel J, Suyehira L, Petras K, Gewurz H: Binding reactivity of C-reactive protein for polycations. J Immunol 1980;125: 1933–1938.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Potempa LA, Siegel J, Gewurz H: Binding reactivity of C-reactive protein for polycations. II. Modulatory effects of calcium and phosphocholine. J Immunol 1981;127:1509–1514.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Volanakis JE, Kaplan ME: Interaction of C-reactive protein complexes with the complement system. II. Consumption of guinea pig complement by CRP complexes: Requirement for human C1q. J Immunol 1974;113:9–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Siegel J, Osmand AP, Wilson MF, Gewurz H: Interactions of C-reactive protein with the complement system. II. CRP-mediated consumption of complement by poly-L-lysine polymers and other polycations. J Exp Med 1975;142:709–721.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Richards RL, Gewurz H, Siegel J, Alving CR: Interactions of C-reactive protein and complement with liposomes. II. Influence of membrane composition. J Immunol 1979;122:1185–1189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Robey FA, Jones KD, Steinberg AD: C-reactive protein mediates the solubilization of nuclear DNA by complement in vitro. J Exp Med 1985; 161:1344–1356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Volanakis JE: Complement-induced solubilization of C-reactive protein-pneumococcal C-polysaccharide precipitates: Evidence for covalent binding of complement proteins to C-reactive protein and to pneumococcal C-polysaccharide. J Immunol 1982;128:2745–2750.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Volanakis JE, Narkates AJ: Binding of human C4 to C-reactive protein-pneumococcal C-polysaccharide complexes during activation of the classical complement pathway. Mol Immunol 1983;20: 1201–1207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Berman S, Gewurz H, Mold C: Binding of C-reactive protein to nucleated cells leads to complement activation without cell lysis. J Immunol 1986;136:1354–1359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Löfström G: Nonspecific capsular swelling in pneumococci. A serologic and clinical study. Acta Med Scand 1943 (suppl 141): 22–50.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Löfström G: Comparison between the reactions of acute phase serum with pneumococcus C-polysaccharide and with pneumococcus type XXVII. Br J Exp Pathol 1944;25:21–26.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Hokama Y, Colman MK, Riley RF: In vitro effects of C-reactive protein on phagocytosis. J Bacteriol 1962;83:1017–1024.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ganrot PO, Kindmark CO: C-reactive protein-A phagocytosis-promoting factor. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1969;24:215–219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kindmark CO: Stimulating effect of C-reactive protein on phagocytosis of various species of pathogenic bacteria. Clin Exp Immunol 1971;8: 941–948.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Mortensen RF, Osmand AP, Lint TF, Gewurz H: Interaction of C-reactive protein with lymphocytes and monocytes: Complement-dependent adherence and phagocytosis. J Immunol 1976;117: 774–781.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Edwards KM, Gewurz H, Lint TP, Mold C: A role for C-reactive protein in the complement-mediated stimulation of human neutrophils by type 27Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Immunol 1982; 128:2493–2496.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kilpatrick JM, Gresham HD, Griffin FM Jr, Volanakis JE: Peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes release a mediator(s) that induces phagocytosis of C-reactive protein-coated cells by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 1987; 41:150–155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Poston R, Hyman B, Kilpatrick JM: Effects of a low molecular weight lymphokine on neutrophil lysosomal release stimulated by C-reactive protein and IgG. FASEB J 1988;2:A1459.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Mold C, Nakayama S, Holzer TJ, Gewurz H, Du Clos TW: C-reactive protein is protective againstStreptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice. J Exp Med 1981;154:1703–1708.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Yother J, Volanakis JE, Briles DE: Human C-reactive protein is protective against fatalStreptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice. J Immunol 1982;128:2374–2376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Horowitz J, Volanakis JE, Briles DE: Blood clearance ofStreptococcus pneumoniae by C-reactive protein. J Immunol 1987;138:2598–2603.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Briles DE, Ferman C, Horowitz JC, Volanakis JE, Benjamin WH Jr, McDaniel LS, Eldridge J, Brooks J: Antipneumococcal effects of C-reactive protein and monoclonal antibodies to pneumococcal cell wall and capsular antigens. Infect Immun 1989;57:1457–1464.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Mortensen RF, Duszkiewicz JA: Mediation of CRP-dependent phagocytosis through mouse macrophage Fc-receptors. J Immunol 1977;119: 1611–1616.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Muller H, Fehr J: Binding of C-reactive protein to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: Evidence for association of binding sites with Fc receptors. J Immunol 1986;136:2202–2207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Tebo JM, Mortensen RF: Characterization and isolation of a C-reactive protein receptor from the human monocytic cell line U-937. J Immunol 1990;144:231–238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Zeller JM, Kubak BM, Gewurz H: Binding sites for C-reactive protein on human monocytes are distinct from IgG Fc receptors. Immunology 1989;67:51–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Dobrinich R, Spagnuolo PJ: Specific C-reactive protein binding to human neutrophils. Clin Res 1987;35:897A.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Buchta R, Pontet M, Fridkin M: Binding of C-reactive protein to human neutrophils. FEBS Lett 1987;211:165–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Ballou SP, Buniel J, MacIntyre SS: Specific binding of human C-reactive protein to human monocytes in vitro. J Immunol 1989;142:2708–2713.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Zahedi K, Tebo JM, Siripoint J, Klimo GF, Mortensen RF: Binding of human C-reactive protein to mouse macrophages is mediated by distinct receptors. J Immunol 1989;142:2384–2392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hokama Y, Garcia DA, Bonilia MR, Lam MP, Shimizu RM: Inhibition of platelet aggregation by C-reactive protein (CRP) in platelets stimulated by 1-0-alkyl-2-0 acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Fed Proc 1984;43:461.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Vigo C: Effect of C-reactive protein on platelet-activating factor-induced platelet aggregation and membrane stabilization. J Biol Chem 1985;260: 3418–3422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Kilpatrick JM, Virella G: Inhibition of platelet activating factor by rabbit C-reactive protein. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1985;37:276–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Filep J, Foldes-Filep E: Effects of C-reactive protein on human neutrophil granulocytes challenged with n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and platelet-activating factor. Life Sci 1989;44: 517–524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Tatsumi N, Hashimoto K, Okuda K, Kyougoku T: Neutrophil chemiluminescence induced by platelet activating factor and suppressed by C-reactive protein. Clin Chim Acta 1988;172:85–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kilpatrick, J.M., Volanakis, J.E. Molecular genetics, structure, and function of C-reactive protein. Immunol Res 10, 43–53 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02918166

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02918166

Keywords

Navigation