Skip to main content
Log in

Contrasuppression in the mucosal immune system

  • Contrasuppression, Symposium
  • Published:
Immunologic Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. Cebra, J.J.; Gearhart, P.J.; Halsey, J.F.; Hurwitz, J.L.; Shahin, R.D.: Role of environmental antigens in the ontogeny of the secretory immune response. J. reticuloendoth. Soc.28: suppl., pp. 61–71 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kiyono, H.; McGhee, J.R.; Wannemuehler, M.J.; Frangakis, M.V.; Spalding, D.M.; Michalek, S.M.; Koopman, W.J.: In vitro immune responses to a T cell dependent antigen by cultures of disassociated murine Peyer's patch. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA79: 596–600 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Mestecky, J.; McGhee, J.R.: Immunoglobulin A (IgA): molecular and cellular interactions involved in IgA biosynthesis and immune response. Adv. Immunol.40: 153–245 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kiyono, H.; Babb, J.L.; Michalek, S.M.; McGhee, J.R.: Cellular basis for elevated IgA responses in C3H/HeJ mice. J. Immun.125: 732–739 (1980).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Richman, L.K.; Graeff, A.S.; Yarchoan, R.; Strober, W.: Simultaneous induction of antigen-specific IgA helper T cells and IgG suppressor T cells in the murine Peyer's patch after protein feeding. J. Immun.126: 2079–2083 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kiyono, H.; McGhee, J.R.; Wannemuehler, M.J.; Michalek, S.M.: Lack of oral tolerance in C3H/HeJ mice. J. exp. Med.155: 605–610 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Mattingly, J.A.; Waksman, B.H.: Immunologic suppression after oral administration of antigen. I. Specific suppressor cells formed in rat Peyer's patches after oral administration of sheep erythrocytes and their systemic migration. J. Immun.121: 1878–1883 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Tomasi, T.B., Jr.: Oral tolerance (a review). Transplantation29: 353–356 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Green, D.R.; Gold, J.; Martin, S.St.; Gershon, R.; Gershon, R.K.: Microenvironmental immunoregulation: possible role of contrasuppressor cells maintaining immune responses in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA79: 889–892 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Green, D.R.; Ptak, W.: Contrasuppression in the mouse. Immunol. Today7: 71–86 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Yamauchi, K.; Green, D.R.; Eardley, D.D.; Murphy, D.B.; Gershon, R.K.: Immunoregulatory circuits that modulate responsiveness to suppressor cell signals. Failure of B10 mice to respond to suppressor factors can be overcome by quenching the contrasuppressor circuit. J. exp. Med.153: 1547–1561 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Green, D.R.; Martin, S.St.: Suppression and contrasuppression in the regulation of gut-associated immune responses. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.409: 284–291 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Green, D.R.; Eardley, D.D.; Kimura, A.; Murphy, D.B.; Yamauchi, K.; Gershon, R.K.: Immunoregulatory circuits which modulate responsiveness to suppressor cell signals: characterization of an effector cell in the contrasuppressor circuit. Eur. J. Immunol.11: 973–980 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gershon, R.K.; Eardley, D.D.; Durum, S.; Green, D.R.; Shen, F.W.; Yamauchi, K.; Cantor, H.; Murphy, D.B.: Contrasuppression. A novel immunoregulatory activity. J. exp. Med.153: 1533–1546 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Iverson, M.; Ptak, W.; Green, D.R.; Gershon, R.K.: Role of contrasuppression in the adoptive transfer of immunity.. J. exp. Med.153: 982–987 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ptak, W.; Bereta, M.; Marcinkiewicz, J.; Gershon, R.K.: Green, D.R.: Production of antigen-specific contrasuppressor cells and factor, and their use in augmentation of cell-mediated immunity. J. Immun.133: 623–628 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Braley-Mullen, H.: Regulation of the antibody response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide by contrasuppressor T cells. J. exp. Med.160: 42–54 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Braley-Mullen, H.: Characterization and activity of contrasuppressor T cells induced by type III pneumococcal polysaccharide.. J. Immun.137: 2761–2767 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kemp, J.D.; Rohrer, J.W.: Contrasuppressor T cells (CSTC): studies in the MOPC-315 system suggest phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. 6th Int. Congr. Immunol. 1986, abstr. 3.27.12.

  20. Kawanishi, H.; Saltzman, L.E.; Strober, W.: Mechanisms regulating IgA class-specific immunoglobulin production, in murine gut-associated lymphoid tissues. I. T cell derived from Peyer's patches that switch sIgM cells to sIgA B cells in vitro. J. exp. Med.157: 433–450 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kawanishi, H.; Saltzman, L.; Strober, W.: Mechanisms regulating IgA class-specific immunoglobulin production in murine gut-associated lymphoid tissues. II. Terminal differentiation of postswitch sIgA-bearing Peyer's patch B cells. J. exp. Med.158: 649–669 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Arai, K.; Yokota, T.; Takebe, Y.; Arai, N.; Otsuka, T.; Miyajima, A.; Kastelein, R.; Coffman, R.; Banchereau, J.; De Vries, J.; Lee, F.: Isolation and characterization of IL-4 and IgA inducing factor genes and their products. Fed. Proc.46: abstr. 6895, p. 498 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kiyono, H.; McGhee, J.R.; Mosteller, L.M.; Eldridge, J.H.; Koopman, W.J.; Kearney, J.F.; Michalek, S.M.: Murine Peyer's patch T cell clones. Characterization of antigen-specific helper T cells for immunoglobulin A responses. J. exp. Med.156: 1115–1130 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kiyono, H.; Cooper, M.D.; Kearney, J.F.; Mosteller, L.M.; Michalek, S.M.; Koopman, W.J.; McGhee, J.R.: Isotype specificity of helper T cell clones. Peyer's patch Th cells preferentially collaborate with mature IgA B cells for IgA responses. J. exp. Med.159: 798–811 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kiyono, H.; McGhee, J.R.: Mucosal T cell networks: role of FcαR+T cells and IgBFα in regulation of the IgA response. Int. Rev. Immunol.2: 157–182 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kiyono, H.; Mosteller-Barnum, L.M.; Pitts, A.M.; Williamson, S.I.; Michalek, S.M.; McGhee, J.R.: Isotype-specific immunoregulation. IgA-binding factors produced by Fcα receptor-positive T cell hybridomas regulate IgA response. J. exp. Med.161: 731–747 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hoover, R.G.; Lynch, R.G.: Lymphocyte surface membrane immunoglobulin in myeloma. II. T cell with IgA-Fc receptors are markedly increased in mice with IgA plasmacytomas. J. Immun.125: 1280–1285 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Hoover, R.G.; Lynch, R.G.: Isotype-specific suppression of IgA: suppression of IgA responses in BALB/c mice by Tα cells. J. Immun.130: 521–523 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Adachi, M.; Yodoi, J.; Noro, N.; Masuda, T.; Uchino, H.: Murine IgA binding factors produced by FcαR(+) T cells: role of FcαR(+) cells for the induction of FcαR and formation of IgA-binding factor in Con A-activated cells. J. Immun.133: 65–71 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Noro, N.; Adachi, M.; Yasuda, K.; Masuda, T.; Yodoi, J.: Murine IgA binding factors (IgA-BF) suppressing IgA production: characterization and target specificity of IgA-BF. J. Immun.136: 2910–2916 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Endoh, M.; Sakai, H.; Nomoto, Y.; Tomino, Y.; Kaneshige, H.: IgA-specific helper activity of Tα cells in human peripheral blood. J. Immun.127: 2612–2613 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Suga, T.; Endoh, M.; Sakai, H.; Miura, M.; Tomino, Y.; Nomoto, Y.: Tα cell subsets in human peripheral blood. J. Immun.134: 1327–1329 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ishizaka, K.: Regulation of IgE synthesis. Annu. Rev. Immunol.2: 159–182 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ishizaka, K.: T cell factors involved in the regulation of IgE synthesis. Prog. Immunol.6: 861–869 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Uede, T.; Hirata, F.; Hirashima, M.; Ishizaka, K.: Modulation of the biologic activities of IgE-binding factors. I. Identification of glycosylation inhibiting factor as a fragment of lipomodulin. J. Immun.130: 878–884 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Iwata, M.; Huff, T.F.; Vede, T.; Munoz, J.J.; Ishizaka, K.: Modulation of the biologic activities of IgE-binding factors. II. Physicochemical properties and cell sources of glycosylation enhancing factor. J. Immun.130: 1802–1808 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Huff, T.F.; Vede, T.; Iwata, M.; Ishizaka, K.: Modulation of the biologic activities of IgE-binding factors. III. Switching of a T cell hybrid clone from the formation of IgE-suppressive factor to the formation of IgE-potentiating factor. J. Immun.131: 1090–1095 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Michalek, S.M.; Kiyono, H.; Wannemuehler, M.J.; Mosteller, L.M.; McGhee, J.R.: Lipopoly-saccharide (LPS) regulation of the immune response: LPS influence on oral tolerance induction. J. Immun.128: 1991–1998 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Suzuki, I.; Kiyono, H.; Kitamura, K.; Green, D.R.; McGhee, J.R.: Abrogation of oral tolerance by contrasuppressor T cells suggests the presence of regulatory T-cell networks in the mucosal immune system. Nature, Lond.320: 451–454 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Suzuki, I.; Kitamura, K.; Kiyono, H.; Kurita, T.; Green, D.R.; McGhee, J.R.: Isotype-specific immunoregulation. Evidence for a distinct subset of T contrasuppressor cells for IgA responses in murine Peyer's patches. J. exp. Med.164: 501–516 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Murphy, D.B.: The I-J puzzle. Annu. Rev. Immunol.5: 405–427 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Kitamura, K.; Kiyono, H.; Fujihashi, K.; Eldridge, J.H.; Green, D.R.; McGhee, J.R.: Contrasuppressor cells that break oral tolerance are antigen-specific T cells distinct from T helper (L3T4+), T suppressor (Lyt-2+) and B cells. J. Immun.139: 3251–3259 (1987).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kitamura, K.; Kiyono, H.; Fujihashi, K.; Eldridge, J.H., Beagley, K.W.; McGhee, J.R.: Isotype-specific immunoregulation: systemic antigen induces splenic T contrasuppressor cells which support IgMaand IgG subclass but not IgA responses. J. Immun. (in press, 1988).

  44. Kelly, C.J.; Neilson, E.G.: Contrasuppression in autoimmunity. Abnormal contrasuppression facilitates expression of nephritogenic effector T cells and interstitial nephritis in kdkd mice. J. exp. Med.165: 107–123 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. McGhee, J.R.; Farrar, J.R.; Michalek, S.M.; Mergenhagen, S.E.; Rosenstreich, D.L.: Cellular requirements for lipopolysaccharide adjuvanticity: a role for both T lymphocytes and macrophages for in vitro responses to particulate antigens. J. exp. Med.149: 793–807 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Goodman, S.A.; Morrison, D.C.: Lipopolysaccharide receptors on lymphocytes. I. Lack of immunologic recognition of a putative LPS receptor on LPS-responder lymphocytes by LPS-nonresponder mice. J. Immun.135: 1906–1910 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kiyono, H.; Mosteller, L.M.; Eldridge, J.H.; Michalek, S.M.; McGhee, J.R.: IgA responses inxid mice: oral antigen primes Peyer's patch cells for in vitro immune responses and secretory antibody production. J. Immun.131: 2616–2622 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Yanagi, Y.; Yoshikai, Y.; Leggett, K.; Clark, S.P.; Aleksander, I.; Mak, T.W.: A human T cell-specific cDNA clone encodes a protein having extensive homology to immunoglobulin chains. Nature, Lond.308: 145–149 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hedrick, S.M.; Nielsen, E.A.; Kavaler, J.; Cohen, D.I.; Davis, M.M.: Sequence relationships between putative T cell-receptor polypeptides and immunoglobulins. Nature, Lond.308: 153–158 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Chien, Y.; Becker, D.M.; Lindsten, T.; Okamura, M.; Cohen, D.I.; Davis, M.M.: A third type of murine T cell receptor gene. Nature, Lond.312: 31–35 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Saito, H.; Kranz, D.M.; Takagaki, Y.; Hayday, A.C.; Eisen, H.N.; Tonegawa, S.: A third rearranged and expressed gene in a clone of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Nature, Lond.312: 36–40 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Meyer, S.C.; Fitzgerald, K.A.; Hussey, R.E.; Hodgdon, J.C.; Schlossman, S.F.; Reinherz, E.L.: Clonotypic structures involved in antigen-specific human T cell function. J. exp. Med.157: 705–719 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Reinherz, E.L.; Meyer, S.C.; Fitzgerald, K.; Hussey, R.; Hodgdon, J.; Acuto, O.; Schlossman, S.F.: Comparison of T3-associated 49- and 43-kilodalton cell surface molecules on individual human T-cell clones: evidence for peptide variability in T cell receptor structures. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA80: 4104–4108 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Oettgen, H.C.; Kappler, J.; Tax, W.J.M.; Terhorst, C.: Characterization of the two heavy chains of the T3 complex on the surface of human T lymphocytes. J. biol. Chem.259: 12039–12048 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Swain, S.L.: Significance of Lyt phenotypes: Lyt-2 antibodies block activities of T cells that recognize class I major histocompatibility complex antigens regardless of their function. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA78: 7101–7105 (1981).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Marrack, P.; Endres, R.; Shimonkevitz, R.; Zlotnick, A.; Dialynas, D.; Fitch, F.; Kappler, J.: The major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen receptor on T cells. II. Role of the L3T4 product. J. exp. Med.158: 1077–1091 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Leo, O.; Foo, M.; Sachs, D.H.; Samelson, L.E.; Bluestone, J.A.: Identification of a monoclonal antibody specific for a murine T3 polypeptide. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA84: 1374–1378 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Brenner, M.B.; McLean, J.; Dialynas, D.P.; Strominger, J.L.; Smith, J.A.; Owen, F.L.; Seidman, J.G.; Stephen, I.P.; Rosen, F.; Krangel, M.S.: Identification of a putative second T cell receptor. Nature, Lond.322: 145–149 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lew, A.M.; Pardoll, D.M.; Maloy, W.L.; Fowlkes, B.J.; Kruisbeek, A.; Cheng, S.-F.; Germain, R.N.; Bluestone, J.A.; Schwartz, R.H.; Coligan, J.E.: Characterization of T cell receptor gamma chain expression in a subset of murine thymocytes. Science234: 1401–1405 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Bluestone, J.A.; Pardoll, D.M.; Sharrow, S.O.; Fowlkes, B.J.: Characterization of murine thymocytes with CD3-associated T cell receptor structures. Nature, Lond.326: 82–84 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Pardoll, D.M.; Fowlkes, B.J.; Bluestone, J.A.; Kruisbeek, A.; Maloy, W.L.; Coligan, J.E.; Schwartz, R.H.: Differential expression of two distinct T-cell receptors during thymocyte development. Nature, Lond.326: 79–81 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Mattingly, J.A.; Kaplan, J.M.; Janeway, C.A.: Two distinct antigen-specific suppressor factors induced by the oral administration of antigen. J. exp. Med.152: 545–554 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Genin, C.; Laurent, B.; Sabatier, J.C.; Colon, S.; Berthaux, F.C.: IgA mesangial deposits in C3H/HeJ mice after oral immunization with ferritin or bovine serum albumin. Clin. exp. Immunol.63: 385–394 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Babb, J.L.; McGhee, J.R.: Mice refractory to lipopolysaccharide manifest high immunoglobulin A responses to orally administered antigen. Infect. Immunity29: 322–328 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kiyono, H.; Michalek, S.M.; Mosteller, L.M.; Torii, M.; Hamada, S.; McGhee, J.R.: Enhancement of murine immune responses to orally administrered haptenatedStreptococcus mutans. Scand. J. Immunol.16: 455–463 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Jirillo, E.; Kiyono, H.; Michalek, S.M.; McGhee, J.R.: Murine immune responses toSalmonella lipopolysaccharide: oral administration of whole bacteria to C3H/HeJ mice induces secondary anti-LPS responses, especially of the IgA isotype. J. Immun.132: 1702–1711 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Eldridge, J.H.; Kiyono, H.; Mosteller, L.M.; Michalek, S.M.; McGhee, J.R.: Oral immunization with KLH induces regulatory T cells in C3H mice (abstr. 1862). Fed. Proc.41: 588 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Mowat, A.M.; Thomas, M.J.; MacKenzie, S.; Parrott, D.M.V.: Divergent effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on immunity to orally administered protein and particulate antigens in mice. Immunology58: 677–683 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Mowat, A.M.: The immunophatogenesis of food-sensitive enteropathies; in Newby, Stokes, Local immune responses of the gut, pp. 199–266 (CRC Press, Boca Raton 1984).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Mowat, A.M.; Ferguson, A.: Hypersensitivity in the small intestine mucosa. V. Induction of cell mediated immunity to a dietary antigen. Clin. exp. Immunol.43: 574–582 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Strobel, S.; Mowat, A.M.; Drummond, H.E.; Pickering, M.G.; Ferguson, A.: Immunological responses to fed protein antigens in mice. II. Oral tolerance for cell mediated immunity is due to activation of cyclophosphamide sensitive cells by gut processed antigen. Immunology49: 451–456 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Mowat, A.M.: Depletion of suppressor T cells by 2′-deoxyguanosine abrogates tolerance in mice fed ovalbumin and permits the induction of intestinal DTH. Immunology58: 179–184 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Strobel, S.; Ferguson, A.: Immune responses to fed protein antigens in mice. III. Systemic tolerance or priming is related to age at which antigen is first encountered. Pediat. Res.16: 588–594 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Ptak, W.; Bereta, M.; Ptak, M.; Gershon, R.K.; Green, D.R.: Antigen-specific T contrasuppressor factor in cell-mediated immunity: interactions leading to eradication of the tolerant state. J. Immun.133: 1124–1130 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Skowron-Cendrzak, A.; Rybczynska, A.Z.; Gershon, R.K.; Ptak, W.: Ontogenic development of contrasuppression. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA80: 5052–5055 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. James, S.P.; Neckers, L.M.; Graeff, A.S.; Cossman, J.; Balch, C.M.; Strober, W.: Suppression of immunoglobulin synthesis by lymphoid suppopulations in patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology86: 1510–1518 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Elson, C.O.; Graeff, A.S.; James, S.P.; Strober, W.: Covert suppressor T cells in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology80: 1513–1521 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Deitch, E.A.; Winterton, J.; Berg, R.: Thermal injury promotes bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract in mice with impaired T cell mediated immunity. Archs Surg.121: 97–101 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Maejima, K.; Deitch, E.; Berg, R.: Promotion by burn stress of the translocation of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tracts of mice. Archs Surg.119: 166–172 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Elson, C.O.; Ealding, W.: Generalized systemic and mucosal immunity in mice after mucosal stimulation with cholera toxin. J. Immun.132: 2736–2741 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Lycke, N.; Holmgren, J.: Strong adjuvant properties of cholera toxin on gut mucosal immune responses to orally presented antigens. Immunology59: 301–308 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Elson, C.O.; Ealding, W.: Cholera toxin feeding did not induce oral tolerance in mice and abrogated oral tolerance to an unrelated protein antigen. J. Immun.133: 2892–2897 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kiyono, H., Green, D.R. & McGhee, J.R. Contrasuppression in the mucosal immune system. Immunol Res 7, 67–81 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02918155

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02918155

Keywords

Navigation