Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hormone-producing tumors of the ovary

  • Review
  • Published:
Endocrine Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The ovary is an endocrine organ that gives rise to a wide variety of neoplastic and tumorlike nonneoplastic conditions, some of which are associated with endocrine activity. The hormones produced may be steroidal or nonsteroidal. The ovary is unique among endocrine organs in reacting to the presence of nonendocrine tumors within it by abnormal or inappropriate production of sex steroidal hormones. A classification of hormone-producing ovarian lesions is proposed based on the World Health Organization’s histologicai typing of ovarian tumors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abeler V, Kjorstad KE, Nesland JM. Small cell carcinoma of the ovary. A report of six cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 7:315–329, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Abell MR, Holtz F. Ovarian neoplasms in childhood and adolescence: II. Tumors of non-germ cell origin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 93:850–866, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Abouav M, Berkowitz S, Kolb FO. Reversible hypercalcemia in masculinizing hypernephroid tumor of the ovary. Report of a case. N Engl J Med 260:1057–1062, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Adashi EY, Resnick CE, D’Ercole AJ, Svoboda ME, Van Wyck JJ. Insulin-like growth factors as intraovarian regulators of granulosa cell growth and function. Endocr Rev 6:400–420, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Aiman J, Edman CD, Worley RJ, Vellios F, MacDonald PC. Androgen and estrogen formation in women with ovarian hyperthecosis. Obstet Gynecol 51:1–9, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Aiman J, Forney JP, Parker CR. Secretion of androgens and estrogens by normal and neoplastic ovaries in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 68:1–5, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Aiman J, Forney JP, Parker CP. Androgen and estrogen secretion by normal and neoplastic ovaries in premenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 68:327–332, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Aguirre P, Scully RE, Dayal Y, DeLellis RA. Mucinous tumors of the ovary with argyrophil cells. An immunohistochemical analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 8:345–356, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Aguirre P, Thor AD, Scully RE. Ovarian small cell carcinoma. Histogenetic considerations based on immunohistochemical and other findings. Am J Clin Pathol 92:140–149, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Aguirre P, Thor AD, Scully RE. Ovarian endometrioid carcinomas resembling sex cord-stromal tumors. An immunohistochemical study. Int J Gynecol Pathol 8:364–373, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Alenghat E, Okagaki T, Talerman A. Primary mucinous carcinoid tumor of the ovary. Cancer 58:777–783, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Allan SG, Lockhart SP, Leonard RCF, Smyth JF. Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia in ovarian carcinoma. Br Med J 288:1714–1715, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Amin HK, Okagaki T, Richart RM. Classification of fibroma and thecoma of the ovary. An ultrastructural study. Cancer 27:438–446, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Axe SR, Klein VR, Woodruff JD. Choriocarcinoma of the ovary. Obstet Gynecol 66:111–114, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Axiotis CA, Lippes HA, Merino MJ, deLanerolle NC, Stewart AF, Kinder B. Corticotroph cell pituitary adenoma within an ovarian teratoma. A new cause of Cushing’s syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 11:218–224, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ayalon D, Graif M, Hetman-Peri M, Abramowicz J, Eckstein N, Vagman I, Papo J, Itzhek Y, Caspi E. Diagnosis of a small ovarian tumor (androgen secreting) by magnetic resonance: a new noninvasive procedure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159:903–905, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bar RS, Muggeo M, Kahn CR, Gorden P, Roth J. Characterization of insulin receptors in patients with the syndromes of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. Diabetologia 18:209–216, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bar RS, Muggeo M, Roth J, Kahn CR, Havrankova J, Imperato-McGinley J. Insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans and normal insulin receptors in a young woman: evidence for a postreceptor defect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47:620–625, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Barbieri RL, Makris A, Randall RW, Daniels G, Kistner RW, Ryan KJ. Insulin stimulates androgen accumulation in incubations of ovarian stroma obtained from women with hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:904–910, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Barbieri RL, Ryan KJ. Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans syndrome: a common endocrinopathy with distinct pathophysiologic features. Am J Obstet Gynecol 147:90–101, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bartlett DJ, Grant JK, Pugh MA, Aherne W. A familial feminizing syndrome. A family showing intersex characteristics with XY chromosomes in three female members. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 75:199–210, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Beauchamp PJ, Hughes RS, Schmidt WA. Virilizing serous cystadenoma. Obstet Gynecol 73:513–517, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Beck JS, Fulmer HF, Lee ST. Solid malignant ovarian teratoma with “embryoid bodies” and trophoblastic differentiation. J Pathol 99:67–73, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Biggs JSG. Polycystic ovarian disease— current concepts. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 21:26–36, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Bjorkholm E, Silfversward C. Theca-cell tumors. Clinical features and prognosis. Acta Radiol Oncol Radiat Phys Biol 19:241–244, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bollen ECM, Lamers CBHW, Jansen JBMJ, Larson LI, Joosten HJM. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome due to a gastrin producing ovarian cystadenocarcinoma. Br J Surg 68:776–777, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bonaventura LM, Judd H, Roth LM, Cleary HE. Androgen, estrogen and progestogen production by a lipid cell tumor of the ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol 131:403–408, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bosman FT, Louwerens JK. APUD cells in teratomas. AmJ Pathol 104:174–180, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Boss JH, Scully RE, Wegner KH, Cohen RB. Structural variations in the adult ovary— clinical significance. Obstet Gynecol 25:747–764, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Broadus AE, Mangin M, Ikeda K, Insogna KL, Weir EC, Burtis WJ, Stewart AF. Humoral hypercalcemia of cancer. Identification of a novel parathyroid hormone-like peptide. N Engl J Med 319:556–563, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Brown H, Lane M. Cushing’s and malignant carcinoid syndromes from ovarian neoplasm. Arch Intern Med 115:490–494, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bullon A, Arseneau J, Prat J, Young RH, Scully RE. Tubular Krukenberg tumor. A problem in histopathologic diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol 5:225–232, 1981.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Caruso PA, Marsh MR, Minkowitz S, Karten G. An intense clinicopathologic study of 305 teratomas of the ovary. Cancer 27:343–348, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Casper S, van Nagell JR, Powell DF, Dubilier LD, Donaldson ES, Hanson MB, Pavlik EJ. Immunohistochemical localization of tumor markers in epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 149:154–158, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Caspi E, Schreyer P, Bukovsky J. Ovarian lutein cysts in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 42:388–398, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Chalvardjian A, Derzko C. Gynandroblastoma. Its ultrastructure. Cancer 50:710–721, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Chalvardjian A, Scully RE. Sclerosing stromal tumors of the ovary. Cancer 31:664–670, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Civantos F, Rywlin AM. Carcinomas with trophoblastic differentiation and secretion of chorionic gonadotrophins. Cancer 29:789–798, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Clement PB. Tumorlike conditions of the ovary. In: Roth LM, Czernobilsky B, eds. Tumors and tumorlike conditions of the ovary. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 109–27, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Clement PB. Nonneoplastic lesions of the ovary. In: Kurman RJ, ed. Blaustein’s pathology of the female genital tract, 3rd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 471–515, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Clement PB, Scully RE. Large solitary luteinized follicle cyst of pregnancy and puerperium. A clinicopathological analysis of eight cases. Am J Surg Pathol 4:431–438, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cocco AE, Conway SJ. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome associated with ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 293:485–486, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Coulam CB, Annegers JF, Kranz JS. Chronic anovulation syndrome and associated neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 61:403–407, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Crissman JD, Hart WR. Ovarian sex cord tumors with annular tubules. An ultrastructural study of three cases. Am J Clin Pathol 75:11–17,1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Czernobilsky B, Gaedcke G, Dallenbach-Hellweg G. Endometrioid differentiation in ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules accompanied by gestagenic effect. Cancer 55:738–744, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Damjanov I, Drobnjak P, Grizelj V, Longhino N. Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary. A hormonal and ultrastructural analysis. Obstet Gynecol 45:675–679, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Davy M, Torjesen PA, Aakvaag A. Demonstration of an FSH receptor in a functioning granulosa cell tumor. The effect of gonadotrophin treatment on its viability following transplantation to nude mice. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 85:615–623, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Dayal Y, Tashjian AH Jr, Wolfe HJ. Immunocytochemical location of calcitonin-producing cells in a strumal carcinoid with amyloid stroma. Cancer 43:1331–1338, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. de Lima GR, de Lima OA, Baracat EC, Vasserman J, Burnier M. Virilizing Brenner tumor of the ovary: case report. Obstet Gynecol 73:895–898, 1989.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. del Pozo ES, Falaschi P. Prolactin and cyclicity in polycystic ovary syndrome: role of estrogens and the dopaminergic system. Prog Reprod Biol 6:252–259, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Demopoulos RI, Bell DA. The fine structure of a virilizing human granulosa-theca cell tumor. Observations on the nature of the hormone producing cell. Cancer 51:1858–1865, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. De Torres EF. Feminization in tumors of Sertoli-Leydig cells. Acta Cytol (Baltimore) 18:187–189,1974.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Dickersin GR, Kline IW, Scully RE. Small cell carcinoma of the ovary with hypercalcemia: a report of eleven cases. Cancer 49:188–197, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Downey GP, Prentice M, Penna KL, Gleeson RP, Elder MG. Ectopic beta-human chorionic gonadotropin production by a dermoid cyst. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:449–451, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Drife JO, O’Malley BP, Rosenthal FD. Long-term suppression of a testosteroneproducing ovarian tumor by oestrogen/ progestogen therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 27:121–124, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Dunnihoo DR, Grieme DL, Woolf RB. Hilar-cell tumors of the ovary. Report of 2 new cases and a review of the world literature. Obstet Gynecol 27:703–713, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Echt CR, Hadd HE. Androgen excretion patterns in a patient with a metastatic hilus cell tumor of the ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol 100:1055–1061, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ehrlich EN, Dominguez OV, Samuels LT, Lynch D, Oberhelman H, Warner NE. Aldosteronism and precocious puberty due to an ovarian androblastoma (Sertoli cell tumor). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 23:358–367, 1963.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Emge LA. Functional and growth characteristics of struma ovarii. Am J Obstet Gynecol 40:738–750, 1940.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Erez SE, Richart RM, Shettles LB. Hashimoto’s disease in a benign cystic teratoma of the ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol 92:273–274, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Evans AT, Gaffey TA, Malkasian GD, Annegers JF. Clinicopathologic review of 118 granulosa and 82 theca cell tumors. Obstet Gynecol 55:231–238, 1980.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Farber M, Daoust PR, Rogers J. Hyperthecosis syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 44:35–41, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Fathalla MF. The role of the ovarian stroma in hormone production by ovarian tumours. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 75:78–83, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Fawcett FJ, Kimbell NKB. Phaeochromocytoma of the ovary. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 78:458–459, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Fayez JA, Bunch TR, Miller GL. Virilization in pregnancy associated with an ovarian serous cystedanoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 120:341–346, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Fox H. Sex cord-stromal tumours of the ovary. J Pathol 145:127–148, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Fox H, Agrawal K, Langley FA. A clinicopathologic study of 92 cases of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary with special reference to the factors influencing prognosis. Cancer 35:231–241, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Fox H, Langley F. Tumours of the ovary. London: Heinemann Medical Books, 236–241, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Gaffney EF, Majmudar B, Hertzler GL, Zane R, Furlong B, Breding E Ovarian granulosa cell tumors—immunohistochemical localization of estradiol and ultrastructure, with functional correlations. Obstet Gynecol 61:311–319, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Gallager HS, Lewis RP. Sequential gonadoblastoma and choriocarcinoma. Obstet Gyne- col 41:123–128, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Garcia-Bunuel R, Berek JS, Woodruff JD. Luteomas of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 45:407–414, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Garcia-Bunuel R, Brandes D. Luteoma of pregnancy: ultrastructural features. Hum Pathol 7:205–214, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Garvin AJ, Pratt-Thomas HR, Spector M, Spicer SS, Williamson HO. Gonadoblastoma: histologic, ultrastructural, and histochemical observations in five cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 125:459–471, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Gee DC, Russell P. Sclerosing stromal tumours of the ovary. Histopathology 3:367–376, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Ghio R, Haupt E, Ratti M, Boccaccio P. Erythrocytosis associated with a dermoid cyst of the ovary and erythropoietic activity of the tumour fluid. Scand J Haematol 27:70–74, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Girouard DP, Barclay DL, Collins CG. Hyperreactio luteinalis. Review of the litera- ture and report of 2 cases. Obstet Gynecol 23:513–525, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Goldston WR, Johnston WW, Fetter BF, Parker RT, Wilbanks GD. Clinicopathologic studies in feminizing tumors of the ovary: I. Some aspects of the pathology and therapy of granulosa cell tumors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 112:422–429, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Gondos B, Monroe SA. Cystic granulosa cell tumor with massive hemoperitoneum. Obstet Gynecol 38:683–689, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Gough HM, Walther GL. Thecoma in pregnancy. Can Med Assoc J 108:595–597, 1973.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Gould VE. Histogenesis and differentiation: a re-evaluation of these concepts as criteria for the classification of tumors. Hum Pathol 17:212–215, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Greco MA, LiVolsi VA, Pertschuk LP, Bigelow B. Strumal carcinoid of the ovary. An analysis of its components. Cancer 43:1380–1388, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Green JA, Maqueo M. Histopathology and ultrastructure of an ovarian hilar cell tumor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 96:478–485, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Griffiths CT. The ovary. In: Kistner RW, ed. Gynecology: principles and practice, 3rd ed. Chicago: Year Book, 325–426, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Griffiths K, Grant JK, Browning MCK, Whyte WG, Sharp JL. Steroid synthesis in vitro by tumour tissue from a dysgenetic gonad. J Endocrinol 34:155–162, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Grody WW, Gatti RA, Naeim F. Diagnostic molecular pathology. Mod Pathol 2:553–568, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Guraya SS. Histochemical study of granulosa and theca interna during follicular development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation and regression in the human ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol 101:448–457, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hall R, Warrick C. Hypersecretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones: a possible explanation of the endocrine manifestation of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (Albright’s syndrome). Lancet 1:1313–1316, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hameed K. Brenner tumor of the ovary with Leydig cell hyperplasia. A histologic and ultrastructural study. Cancer 30:945–952, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hasleton PS, Kelehan P, Whittaker JS, Burslem RW, Turner L. Benign and malignant struma ovarii. Arch Pathol Lab Med 102:180–184, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Hayes DM, Hunter RJ. Androblastoma of the ovary with heterotopic elements. J Pathol 109:267–270, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Hayes MC, Scully RE. Ovarian steroid cell tumors (not otherwise specified). A clinicopathological analysis of 63 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 11:835–845, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Hayes MC, Scully RE. Stromal luteoma of the ovary: a clinicopathological analysis of 25 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 6:313–321, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hensleigh PA, Woodruff JD. Differential maternal-fetal response to androgenizing luteoma or hyperreactio luteinalis. Obstet Gynecol Surv 33:262–271, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Heyd J, Livni N, Herbet D, Mor-Yosef S, Glaser B. Gastrin-producing ovarian cyst adenocarcinoma: sensitivity to secretin and SMS 201-995. Gastroenterology 97:464–467, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Hillier SG. Regulation of follicular oestrogen biosynthesis: a survey of current concepts. J Endocrinol 89(suppl):3P-18P, 1981.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Hitchcock CL, Norris HJ, Khalifa MA, Wargotz ES. Flow cytometric analysis of granulosa tumors. Cancer 64:2127–2132, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Hoffman WH, Gala RR, Kovacs K, Subramanian MG. Ectopic prolactin secretion from a gonadoblastoma. Cancer 60:2690–2695, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Hughesdon PE. Morphology and morphogenesis of the Stein-Leventhal ovary and of so-called “hyperthecosis.” Obstet Gynecol Surv 37:59–77, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hughesdon PE, Anderson MC. Giant nodular ovaries with aberrant follicles. Histopathology 9:51–62, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Hughesdon PE, Fraser IT. Arrhenoblastoma of ovary: case report and histological review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 32(suppl 4):1–78, 1953.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Hunter DWT Jr, Hill JM. Leukemia, ovulation and fatal intraperitoneal hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol 15:364–366, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Ichinohasama R, Teshima S, Kishi K, Mukai K, Tsunematsu R, Ishu-Ohba H, Shimosato Y. Leydig cell tumor of the ovary associated with endometrial carcinoma and containing 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Int J Gynecol Pathol 8:64–71, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Ishida T, Okagaki T, Tagatz GE, Jacobson ME, Doe RP. Lipid cell tumor of the ovary: an ultrastructural study. Cancer 40:234–243, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Ishida T, Tagatz GE, Okagaki T. Gonadoblastoma. Ultrastructural evidence for testicular origin. Cancer 37:1770–1781, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Jackson B, Valentine R, Wagner G. Primary aldosteronism due to a malignant ovarian tumor. Aust NZ J Med 16:69–71, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Jacobs AJ, Newland JR, Green RK. Pure choriocarcinoma of the ovary. Obstet Gynecol Surv 37:603–609, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Jansen RPS, Shearman RP. Oncological endocrinology. In: Coppleson M, ed. Gynecologic oncology. London: Churchill Livingstone, 96–120, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Jarabak J, Talerman A. Virilization due to a metastasizing granulosa cell tumor. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2:316–324, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Josse RG, Wilson DR, Heersche JNM, Mills JRF, Murray TM. Hypercalcemia with ovarian carcinoma: evidence of a pathogenetic role for prostaglandins. Cancer 48:1233- 1241, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Judd HL, Benirschke K, De Vane G, Reuter SR, Yen SSC. Maternal virilization developing during a twin pregnancy. Demonstration of excess ovarian androgen production associated with theca lutein cysts. N Engl J Med 288:118–122, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Judd HL, Scully RE, Herbst Al, Yen SSC, Ingersol FM, Kliman B. Familial hyperthecosis: comparison of endocrinologic and histologic findings with polycystic ovarian disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 117:976–982, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Julkunen R, Partanen S, Salaspuro M. Gastrin-producing ovarian mucinous cystadenoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 5:67–70, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Kalstone CE, Jaffe RB, Abell MR. Massive edema of the ovary simulating fibroma. Obstet Gynecol 34:564–571, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Kararn K, Hajj S. Hyperthecosis syndrome. Clinical, endocrinologic and histologic findings. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 58:73–79, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Kariminejad MH, Mohlavi MA, Nasserghodssi MA, Ghafoorzadeh Dj, Behjatnia Y. Gonadoblastoma associated with mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 113:410–414, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Katz M, Hamilton SM, Albertyn L, Pimstone BL, Cohen BL, Tiltman AJ. Virilization with diffuse involvement of ovarian androgen secreting cells. Obstet Gynecol 50:623–627, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Khoo SK, Buntine D. Malignant stromal tumor of the ovary with virilizing effects in an XXX female with streak ovaries. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 20:123–128, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Kimura N, Sasano N, Namiki T. Evidence of hybrid cell of thyroid follicular cell and carcinoid cell in strumal carcinoid. Int J Gynecol Pathol 5:269–277, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Klemi PJ, Gronroos M. Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary. A clinicopathologic, histochemical, and electron microscopic study. Obstet Gynecol 53:572–579, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Klemi PJ, Joensuu H, Salmi T. Prognostic value of flow cytometric DNA content analysis in granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. Cancer 65:1189–1193, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Konishi I, Fujii S, Ishikawa Y, Suzuki A, Okamura H, Mori T. Ovarian fibroma with Leydig cell hyperplasia of the adjacent stroma: a light and electron microscopic study. Int J Gynecol Pathol 5:170–178, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Korzets A, Nouriel H, Steiner Z, Griffel B, Kraus L, Freund U, Klajman A. Resistant hypertension associated with a renin-producing ovarian Sertoli cell tumor. Am J Clin Pathol 85:242–247, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Kurman RJ, Andrade G, Goebelsmann U, Taylor CR. An immunohistological study of steroid localization in Sertoli-Leydig tumors of the ovary and testis. Cancer 42:1772–1783, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Kurman RJ, Ganjei P, Nadji M. Contributions of immunocytochemistry to the diagnosis and study of ovarian neoplasms. Int J Gynecol Pathol 3:3–26, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Kurman RJ, Goebelsmann U, Taylor CR. Steroid localization in granulosa-theca tumors of the ovary. Cancer 43:2377–2384, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Kurman RJ, Norris HJ. Embryonal cell carcinoma of the ovary. A clinicopathologic entity distinct from endodermal sinus tumor resembling embryonal carcinoma of the adult testis. Cancer 38:2420–2433, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Kurman RJ, Norris HJ. Malignant mixed germ cell tumors of the ovary. A clinical and pathologic analysis of 30 cases. Obstet Gynecol 48:579–589, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Lack EE, Perez-Atayde AR, Murthy ASK, Goldstein DP, Crigler JF, Vawter GF. Granulosa theca cell tumors in premenarchal girls: a clinical and pathologic study of ten cases. Cancer 48:1846–1854, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Lacson AG, Alrabeeah A, Gillis DA, Salisbury S, Grantmyre EB. Secondary massive ovarian edema with Meig’s syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 91:597–603, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Lacson AG, Gillis DA, Shawwa A. Malignant mixed germ cell-sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary associated with isosexual precocious puberty. Cancer 61:2122–2133, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Lam RMY, Geittmann P. Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary. A light, electron microscopic and enzyme histochemical study. Int J Gynecol Pathol 7:280–290, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Langlois M, Gagner RE, Madarnas PN. Luteome de grossesse. Can Med Assoc J 118:819–821, 1978.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Lindsay AN, Voorhess ML, MacGillivray MH. Multiple cystic ovaries in primary hypothyroidism. Obstet Gynecol 61:433–437, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Livnat EJ, Scommegna A, Recant W, Jao W. Ultrastructural observations of the so-called strumal carcinoid of the ovary. Arch Pathol Lab Med 101:585–589, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Lobo RA. The role of neurotransmitters and opioids in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 17:667–683, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Lomax CW, May HV Jr, Panko WB, Thornton WN Jr. Progesterone production by an ovarian granulosa cell carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 50(suppl):39S-40S, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Long TT, Barton TK, Draffin R, Reeves WJ, McCarty KS Jr. Conservative management of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Ectopic gastric production by an ovarian cystadenoma. JAMA 243:1837–1839, 1980.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. MacAulay MA, Weliky I, Schulz RA. Ultrastructure of a biosynthetically active granulosa cell tumor. Lab Invest 17:562–570, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. MacDonald PC, Grodin JM, Edman CD, Vellios F, Siiteri PK. Origin of estrogen in a postmenopausal woman with a nonendocrine tumor of the ovary and endometrial hyperplasia. Obstet Gynecol 47:644–650, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. MacKay AM, Pettigrew N, Symington T, Neville AM. Tumors of dysgenetic gonads (gonadoblastoma): ultrastructural and steroidogenic aspects. Cancer 34:1108–1125, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Madiedo G, Tieu TM, Aiman J. Atypical ovarian hyperthecosis in a virilized postmenopausal woman. Am J Clin Pathol 83:101–107, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Martinelli G, Govoni E, Pileri S, Grigioni FW, Doglioni C, Pelusi G. Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary. A hormonal, histochemical and ultrastructural study. Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat.] 402:155–161, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Massachusetts General Hospital, Case Records: Case 4-1975. Luteinized follicle cysts of ovary, bilateral. Albright’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 292:199–203, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Maton PN, Mackem SM, Norton JA, Gardner JD, O’Dorisio TM, Jensen RT. Ovarian carcinoma as a cause of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Natural history, secretory products, and response to provocative tests. Gastroenterology 97:468–471, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. McKay DG, Robinson D, Hertig AT. Histochemical observations on granulosa-cell tumors, thecomas and fibromas of the ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol 58:625–639, 1949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. McKeel DW, Askin FB. Ectopic hypophyseal hormonal cells in benign cystic teratoma of the ovary. Light microscopic histochemical dye staining and immunoperoxidase cytochemistry. Arch Pathol Lab Med 102:122–128, 1978.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. McKenna TJ. Pathogenesis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 318:558–562, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. McMahon JT, Hart WR. Ultrastructural analysis of small cell carcinomas of the ovary. Am J Clin Pathol 90:523–529, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. McNatty KP, Makris A, DeGrazia C, Osathanondh R, Ryan KJ. The production of progesterone, androgens, and estrogens by granulosa cells, thecal tissue and stromal tissue from human ovaries in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 49:687–699, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. McNatty KP, Makris A, DeGrazia C, Osathanodh R, Ryan KJ. The production of progesterone, androgens, and estrogens by human granulosa cells in vitro and in vivo. J Steroid Biochem 11:775–779, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Merkow LP, Slifkin M, Acevedo HF, Pardo M, Greenberg WV. Ultrastructure of an interstitial (hilar) cell tumor of the ovary. Obstet Gynecol 37:845–859, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Merrill JA. The morphology of the prepubertal ovary: relationship to the polycystic ovary syndrome. South Med J 56:225–231, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Michael CA. Pelvic fibroma causing recur- rent attacks of hypoglycaemia. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 74:301–303, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Mohabeer J, Buckley CH, Fox H. An immunohistochemical study of the incidence and significance of human chorionic gonadotrophin synthesis by epithelial ovarian neo plasms. Gynecol Oncol 16:78–84, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Montag TW, Murphy RE, Belinson JL. Virilizing malignant lipid cell tumor producing erythropoietin. Gynecol Oncol 19:98–103, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Morgan DR, Wells M, MacDonald RC, Johnston D. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome due to a gastrin secreting ovarian mucinous cystadenoma. Case report. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 92:867–869, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Morris JM, Scully RE. Endocrine pathology of the ovary. St Louis: Mosby, 131–139, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Murad TM, Mancini R, George J. Ultrastructure of a virilizing ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor with familial incidence. Cancer 31:1440–1450, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Nagamani N, Gomez LG, Garza J. In vivo steroid studies in luteoma of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 59(suppl):105S-111S, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Nagamani M, Lingold JC, Gomez LG. Hyperthecosis of the ovaries in acrornegaly. Obstet Gynecol 56:258–262, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Nakano R, Kitayama S, Yamoto M, Shima K, Ooshima A. Localization of gonadotropin binding sites in human ovarian neoplasms. AmJ Obstet Gynecol 161:905–910, 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Nakashima N, Young RH, Scully RE. Androgenic granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. A clinicopathologic analysis of 17 cases and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 108:786–791, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Nassar TR, Virgilio LA, Abdul-Karim RW. Massive edema of the ovary. A case report and a review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol 47(suppl):77S-80S, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Nichols J, Warren JC, Mantz FA. ACTH-like excretion from carcinoma of the ovary. The clinical effect of m,p1-DDD. JAMA 182:713–718, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Norris HJ, Chorlton I. Functioning tumors of the ovary. Clin Obstet Gynecol 17:189–228, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Norris HJ, Taylor HB. Nodular theca-lutein hyperplasia of pregnancy (so-called “pregnancy luteoma”). A clinical and pathologic study of 15 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 47:557–566, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Novak DJ, Lauchlan SC, McCawley JC, Faiman C. Virilization during pregnancy. Case report and review of literature. Am J Med 49:281–290, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Novak ER. Gynandroblastoma of the ovary: review of 8 cases from the Ovarian Tumor Registry. Obstet Gynecol 30:709–715, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Novak ER, Long JH. Arrhenoblastoma of the ovary. A review of the Ovarian Tumor Registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 92:1082–1093, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Paraskevas M, Scully RE. Hilus cell tumor of the ovary. A clinicopathological analysis of 12 Reinke crystal-positive and nine crystalnegative cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 8:299–310, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Park IJ, Pyeatte JC, Jones HW, Woodruff JD. Gonadoblastoma in a true hermaphrodite with 46, XY genotype. Obstet Gynecol 40:466–472, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Parsons V, Rigby B. Cushing’s syndrome associated with adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Lancet 2:992–994, 1958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Pascal RR, Grecco LA. Mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary with stromal luteinization and hilar cell hyperplasia during pregnancy. Hum Pathol 19:179–180, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Peters WA, Thiagarajah S, Thornton WN Jr. Ovarian hemorrhage in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy. J Reprod Med 22:82–86, 1979.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Pflciderer A Jr, Teufel G, Braun R. Incidence and histochemical investigation of enzymatically active cells in stroma of ovarian tumors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 102:997–1003, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Piver MS, Williams LJ, Marcuse PM. Influence of luteal cysts on menstrual function. Obstet Gynecol 35:440–451, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Plate WP. Ovarian changes after long-term oral contraception. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 55:71–77, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Polansky S, de Papp EW, Ogden EB. Virilization associated with bilateral luteomas of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 45:516–522, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Prat J, Scully RE. Cellular fibromas and fibrosarcomas of the ovary: a comparative clinicopathologic analysis of seventeen cases. Cancer 47:2663–2670, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Prat J, Young RH, Scully RE. Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors with heterologous elements: II. Cartilage and skeletal muscle: a clinicopathologic analysis of twelve cases. Cancer 50:2465–2475, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Pratt-Thomas HR, Cooper JM. Gonadoblastoma with tubal pregnancy. Am J Clin Pathol 65:121–125, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Quan A, Charles D, Craig JM. Histologic and functional consequences of periovarian adhesions. Obstet Gynecol 22:96–101, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Quinn MA, Oster AO, Fortune D, Hudson B. Sclerosing stromal tumour of the ovary. Case report with endocrine studies. Br J Obstet Gynecol 88:555–558, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Ramzy I, Bos C. Sertoli cell tumors of the ovary. Light microscopic and ultrastructural study with histogenetic consideration. Cancer 38:2447–2456, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Reddick RL, Walton LA. Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary with teratomatous differentiation. Clinicopathologic considerations. Cancer 50:1171–1176, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Ribeiro G, Hughesdon P, Wiltshaw E. Squamous carcinoma arising in dermoid cysts and associated with hypercalcemia: a clinicopathologic study of six cases. Gynecol Oncol 29:222–230, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Rice BF, Savard K. Steroid hormone formation in the human ovary: IV. Ovarian stromal compartment; formation of radioactive steroids from acetate-1-14C and action of gonadotropins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 26:593–609, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Riddlesberger MM Jr, Kuhn JP, Munschauer RW. The association of juvenile hypothyroidism and cystic ovaries. Radiology 139:77–80, 1981.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Robboy SJ, Norris HJ, Scully RE. Insular carcinoid primary in the ovary. A clinicopathologic analysis of 48 cases. Cancer 36:404–418, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Robboy SJ, Scully RE. Strumal carcinoid of the ovary: an analysis of 50 cases of a distinctive tumor composed of thyroid tissue and carcinoid. Cancer 46:2019–2034, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Robboy SJ, Scully RE, Norris HJ. Carcinoid metastatic to the ovary. A clinicopathologic analysis of 35 cases. Cancer 33:798–811, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Robboy SJ, Scully RE, Norris HJ. Primary trabecular carcinoid of the ovary. Obstet Gynecol 49:202–207, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Rome RM, Fortune DW, Quinn MA, Brown JB. Functioning ovarian tumors in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 57:705–710, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Roth LM, Anderson MC, Govan ADT, Langley FA, Gowing NFC, Woodcock AS. Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 34 cases. Cancer 48:187–197, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Roth LM, Cleary RE, Rosenfield RL. Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary, with an associated mucinous cystadenoma. An ultrastructure and endocrine study. Lab Invest 31:648–657, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Roth LM, Deaton RL, Sternberg WH. Massive ovarian edema. A clinicopathologic study of five cases including ultrastructural observations and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 3:11–21, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Roth LW, Nicholas TR, Ehrlich CE. Juvenile granulosa cell tumor. A clinicopathologic study of three cases with ultrastructural observations. Cancer 44:2194–2205, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Roth LM, Sternberg WH. Ovarian stromal tumors containing Leydig cells: II. Pure Leydig cell tumor, non-hilar type. Cancer 32:952–960, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Roth LM, Sternberg WH. Partly luteinized theca cell tumor of the ovary. Cancer 51:1697–1704, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Rubin DK, Frost JK. The cytologic detection of ovarian cancer. Acta Cytol (Baltimore) 7:191–195, 1963.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Russell JB, Lambert SJ, Taylor KJW, DeCherney AH. Androgen-producing hilus cell tumor of the ovary. Detection in a postmenopausal woman by duplex doppler scanning. JAMA 257:962–963, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Rutgers JL, Scully RE. Functioning ovarian tumors with peripheral steroid cell proliferation: a report of twenty-four cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 5:319–337, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Samaan NA, Smith JP, Rutledge FN, Barcellona JM. Plasma testosterone levels in trophoblastic disease and the effects of oophorectomy and chemotherapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34:558–561, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Samaan NA, Smith JP, Rutledge FN, Schultz PN. The significance of measurement of human placental lactogen, human chorionic gonadotropin, and carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with ovarian carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126:186–189, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Sasaki E, Sasano N, Kimura N, Andoh N, Yajima A. Demonstration of neuroendocrine cells in ovarian mucinous tumors. Int J Gynecol Pathol 8:189–200, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Sasano H, Fukunaga M, Rojas M, Silverberg SG. Hyperthecosis of the ovary. Clinicopathologic study of 19 cases with immunohistochemical analysis of steroidogenic enzymes. Int J Gynecol Pathol 8:311–320, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Sasano H, Okamoto M, Mason IJ, Simpson ER, Mendelson CR, Sasano N, Silverberg SG. Immunohistochemical studies of steroidogenic enzymes (aromatase, 17 alphahydroxylase and cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochromes P-450) in sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary. Hum Pathol 20:452–457, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Sasano H, Wargotz ES, Silverberg SG, Mason JI, Simpson ER. Brenner tumor of the ovary: immunoanalysis of steroidogenic enzymes in 23 cases. Hum Pathol 20:1103–1107, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Schenker JG, Weinstein D. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a current survey. Fertil Steril 30:255–268, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Schnoy N. Ultrastructure of a virilizing ovarian Leydig cell tumor (hilar cell tumor). Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat.] 397:17–27, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Scott JS, Lumsden CE, Levell MJ. Ovarian endocrine activity in association with hormonally inactive neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 97:161–170, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Scully RE. Gonadoblastoma. A review of 74 cases. Cancer 25:1340–1356, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Scully RE. Ovarian tumors. A review. Am J Pathol 87:686–720, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Scully RE. Estrogens and endometrial carcinoma. Hum Pathol 8:481–483, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Scully RE. Sex cord-stromal tumors. In: Blaustein A, ed. Pathology of the female genital tract. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 505–526, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Scully RE. Tumors of the ovary and maldeveloped gonads. In: Atlas of tumor pathology, series 2, fascicle 16. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Scully RE. Ovarian tumours with functioning stroma. In: Fox H, ed. Haines & Taylor’s gynaecological and obstetrical pathology, 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 724–736, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Scully RE, Aguirre P, DeLellis RA. Argyrophilia, serotonin and peptide hormones in the female genital tract and its tumors. Int J Gynecol Pathol 3:51–70, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Scully RE, Cohen RB. Oxidative-enzyme activity in normal and pathologic human ovaries. Obstet Gynecol 24:667–681, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Scully RE, Richardson GS. Luteinization of the stroma of metastatic cancer involving the ovary and its endocrine significance. Cancer 14:827–840, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Serov SF, Scully RE, Sobin LH. Histological typing of ovarian tumours. In: International histological classification of tumours, no. 9. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Serratoni FT, Robboy SJ. Ultrastructure of primary and metastatic ovarian carcinoids: analysis of 11 cases. Cancer 36:157–160, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Shetty MR, Boghossian HM, Duffel D, Freel R, Gonzalez JC. Tumor-induced hypoglycemia. A result of ectopic insulin production. Cancer 49:1920–1923, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Silva PD, Porto M, Moyer DL, Lobo RA. Clinical and ultrastructural findings of an androgenizing Krukenberg tumor in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 71:432–434, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Smith FG. Pathology and physiology of struma ovarii. Arch Surg 53:603–626, 1946.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Sohval AR, Churg J, Cobin RH, Katz N, Gabrilove JL. Histopathology and ultrastructure of ovarian hilus cell tumor: report of two cases. Gynecol Oncol 7:79–101, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Spanos WJ. Preoperative hormonal therapy of cystic adnexal masses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 116:551–556, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Spinas GA, Heitz PU, Oberholzer M, Torhorst J, Stahl M, Girard J. Massive ovarian oedema with production of testosterone. Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat.] 390:365–371, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Sporrong B, Alumets J, Clase L, Falkmer S, Hakanson R, Ljungberg O, Sundler F. Neurohormonal peptide immunoreactive cells in mucinous cystadenomas and cystadeno carcinomas of the ovary. Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat.] 392:271–280, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Sporrong B, Falkmer S, Robboy SJ, Alumets J, Hakanson R, Ljungberg O, Sundler F. Neurohormonal peptides in ovarian carcinoids: an immunohistochemical study of 81 primary carcinoids and of intraovarian metastases from six mid-gut carcinoids. Cancer 49:68–74, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Stearns HC, Sneeden VD, Fearl JD. A clinical and pathologic review of ovarian stromal hyperplasia and its possible relationship to common diseases of the female reproductive system. Am J Obstet Gynecol 119:375–381, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Stenwig JT, Hazekamp JT, Beecham JB. Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. A clinicopathological study of 118 cases with long term follow-up. Gynecol Oncol 7:136–152, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Sternberg WH, Barclay DL. Luteoma of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 95:165–184, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Sternberg WH, Dhurandhar HN. Functional ovarian tumors of stromal and sex cord origin. Hum Pathol 18:565–582, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Sternberg WH, Roth LM. Ovarian stromal tumors containing Leydig cells: I. Stromal-Leydig cell tumor and non-neoplastic transformation of ovarian stroma to Leydig cells. Cancer 32:940–951, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Stevens ML, Plotka ED. Functional lutein cyst in a postmenopausal woman. Obstet Gynecol 50(suppl):27S-29S, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Stewart KR, Casey MJ, Gondos B. Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary with virilization. Light- and electron-microscopic study. Am J Surg Pathol 5:385–391, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Stewart RS, Woodard DE. Malignant ovarian hilus cell tumor. The first reported case. Arch Pathol 73:91–99, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Strickler RC, Kelly RW, Askin FB. Postmenopausal ovarian follicle cyst: an unusual case of estrogen excess. Int J Gynecol Pathol 3:318–322, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Takeda A, Ishizuka T, Goto T, Goto S, Ohta M, Tomoda Y, Hoshino M. Polyembryoma of ovary producing alpha-feto-protein and HCG: immunoperoxidase and electron microscopic study. Cancer 49:1878–1889, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Takeda A, Matsuyama M, Chihara T, Suchi T, Sato T, Tomoda Y. Infrastructure and immunohistochemistry of gastro-enteropancreatic (GEP) endocrine cells in mucinous tumors of the ovary. Acta Pathol Jpn 32:1003–1015, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Taki I, Hamanaka N, Mori M. Histochemical observations of enzymatic patterns in human ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 96:388–399, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Talerman A. A distinctive gonadal neoplasm related to gonadoblastoma. Cancer 30:1219–1224, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Talerman A. Gonadoblastoma associated with embryonal carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 43:138–142, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Talerman A. Germ cell tumors and mixed germ cell-sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary. In: Roth LM, Czernobilsky B, eds. Tumors and tumorlike conditions of the ovary. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 75–94, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Talerman A, Hughesdon PE, Anderson MC. Diffuse nonlobular ovarian androblastoma usually associated with feminization. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1:155–171, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Talerman A, van der Harten JJ. A mixed germ cell-sex cord stroma tumor of the ovary associated with isosexual precocious puberty in a normal girl. Cancer 40:889–894, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Tavassoli FA. A combined germ cell-gonadal stromal-epithelial tumor of the ovary. Am J Surg Pathol 7:73–84, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Tavassoli FA, Norris HJ. Sertoli tumors of the ovary. A clinicopathologic study of 28 cases with ultrastructural observations. Cancer 46:2281–2297, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Taylor HB, Norris HJ. Lipid cell tumors of the ovary. Cancer 20:1953–1962, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Tetu B, Lebel M, Camilleri JP. Reninproducing ovarian tumor. A case report with immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic study. Am J Surg Pathol 12:634–640, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Tiltman AJ. Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary: demonstration of ligandin in three cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 4:362–369, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Toker C. Ultrastructure of a granulosa cell tumor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 100:388–392, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Tokuoka S, Aoki Y, Hayashi Y, Yokoyama T, Ishu T. A mixed germ cell-sex cord-stromal tumor of the ovary with retiform tubular structure: a case report. Int J Gynecol Pathol 4:161–170, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Tracy SL, Askin FB, Reddick RL, Jackson B, Kurman RJ. Progesterone secreting Sertoli cell tumor of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol 22:85–96, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Trevenen C, Banerjee R, Lauchlan SC. The ovarian carcinoid. Cancer 31:1482–1486, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Turner HB, Douglas WM, Gladding TC. Choriocarcinoma of the ovary. Obstet Gynecol 24:918–920, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Ueda G, Hamanaka N, Hayakawa K, Tanizawa O, Ichii H, Nakagawa H, Mineda H, Furuyama J, Matsumoto K, Mori M. Clinical, histochemical, and biochemical studies of an ovarian dysgerminoma with trophoblasts and Leydig cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 114:748–754, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Ulbright TM, Roth LM, Stehman FB, Talerman A, Senekjian EK. Poorly differentiated (small cell) carcinoma of the ovary in young women: evidence supporting a germ cell origin. Hum Pathol 18:175–184, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Vaitukaitis JL. Human chorionic gonadotropin as a tumor marker. Ann Clin Lab Sci 4:276–280, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Valenti C, Kassner EG, Yermakov V, Cromb E. Antenatal diagnosis of a fetal ovarian cyst. Am J Obstet Gynecol 123:216–219, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  262. Vance RP, Geisinger KR. Pure nongestational choriocarcinoma of the ovary. Report of a case. Cancer 56:2321–2325, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Verkauf BS, Reiter EO, Hernandez L, Burns SA. Virilization of mother and fetus associated with luteoma of pregnancy: a case report with endocrinologic studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 129:274–280, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Waxman M, Damjanov I, Alpert L, Sardinsky T. Composite mucinous ovarian neoplasms associated with Sertoli-Leydig and carcinoid tumors. Cancer 47:2044–2052, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Waxman M, Vuletin JC, Urcuyo R, Belling CG. Ovarian low grade stromal sarcoma with thecomatous features. A critical reappraisal of the so-called “malignant thecoma.” Cancer 44:2206–2217, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Wild RA, Albert RD, Zaino RJ, Abrams CS. Virilizing paraovarian tumors: a consequence of Nelson’s syndrome? Obstet Gynecol 71:1053–1056, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Witzleben CL, Bruninga G. Infantile choriocarcinoma: 4a characteristic syndrome. J Pediatr 73:374–378, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Wolpert HR, Fuller AF, Bell DA. Primary mucinous carcinoid tumor of the ovary. A case report. Int J Gynecol Pathol 8:156–162, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Wong PC, Ferenczy A, Fan LD, McCaughey E. Krukenberg tumors of the ovary. Ultrastructural, histochemical, and immunohistochemical studies of 15 cases. Cancer 57:751–760, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Wood LC, Olichney M, Locke H, Crispell KR, Thornton WN Jr, Kitay JI. Syndrome of juvenile hypothyroidism associated with advanced sexual development: report of two new cases and comment on the management of an associated ovarian mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 25:1289–1295, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Woodruff JD, Williams TJ, Goldberg B. Hormone activity of the common ovarian neoplasm. Am J Obstet Gynecol 87:679–698, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Young RH, Clement PB, Scully RE. Calcified thecomas in young women. A report of four cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 7:343–350, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Young RH, Dickersin GR, Scully RE. A distinctive ovarian sex cord-stromal tumor causing sexual precocity in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 7:233–243, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Young RH, Dickersin GR, Scully RE. Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. A clinicopathological analysis of 125 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 8:575–596, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Young RH, Dickersin GR, Scully RE. Small cell carcinoma of the ovary: an analysis of 75 cases of a distinctive ovarian tumor commonly associated with hypercalcemia (abstract). Lab Invest 56:89A, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  276. Young RH, Dudley AG, Scully RE. Granulosa cell, Sertoli-Leydig cell, and unclassified sex cord-stromal tumors associated with pregnancy: a clinicopathological analysis of thirty-six cases. Gynecol Oncol 18:181–205, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Young RH, Kleinman GM, Scully RE. Glioma of the uterus. Report of a case with comments on histogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol 5:695–699, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Young RH, Prat J, Scully RE. Ovarian endometrioid carcinomas resembling sex cord-stromal tumors. A clinicopathological analysis of 13 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 6:513–522, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Young RH, Prat J, Scully RE. Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors with heterologous elements: I. Gastrointestinal epithelium and carcinoid: a clinicopathologic analysis of thirty-six cases. Cancer 50:2448–2456, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Young RH, Prat J, Scully RE. Endometrioid stromal sarcomas of the ovary. A clinicopathologic analysis of 23 cases. Cancer 53:1143–1155, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Young RH, Scully RE. Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors with a retiform pattern: a problem in histopathologic diagnosis. A report of 25 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 7:755–771, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Young RH, Scully RE. Ovarian sex cordstromal tumors with bizarre nuclei: a clinicopathologic analysis of 17 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1:325–335, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Young RH, Scully RE. Ovarian sex cordstromal tumours: recent advances and current status. Clin Obstet Gynaecol 11:93–134, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Young RH, Scully RE. Fibromatosis and massive edema of the ovary, possibly related entities: a report of 14 cases of fibromatosis and 11 cases of massive edema. Int J Gynecol Pathol 3:153–178, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Young RH, Scully RE. Well differentiated ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors: a clinicopathological analysis of 23 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 3:277–290, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Young RH, Scully RE. Ovarian Sertoli cell tumors: a report of ten cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2:349–363, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Young RH, Scully RE. Ovarian sex cordstromal and steroid cell tumors. In: Roth LM, Czernobilsky B, eds. Contemporary issues in surgical pathology. Tumors and tumorlike conditions of the ovary. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 43–73, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Young RH, Scully RE. Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors. A clinicopathological analysis of 207 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 9:543–569, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Young RH, Scully RE. Sex cord-stromal, steroid cell, and other ovarian tumors with endocrine, paraendocrine, and paraneoplastic manifestations. In: Kurman RJ, ed. Blaustein’s pathology of the female genital tract, 3rd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 607–658, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  290. Young RH, Scully RE. Ovarian steroid cell tumors associated with Cushing’s syndrome: a report of three cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 6:40–48, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Young RH, Scully RE. Ovarian sex cordstromal tumors. Problems in differential diagnosis. Pathol Annu 23 [part l]:237–296, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  292. Young RH, Welch WR, Dickersin GR, Scully RE. Ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules: review of 74 cases including 27 with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and four with adenoma malignum of the cervix. Cancer 50:1384–1402, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Yuen BH, Robertson DI, Clement PB, Mincey EK. Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary. Obstet Gynecol 60:252–256, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  294. Zaloudek C, Norris HJ. Sertoli-Leydig tumors of the ovary. A clinicopathologic study of 64 intermediate and poorly differentiated neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 8:405–418, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Zaloudek CJ, Tavassoli FA, Norris HJ. Dysgerminoma with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells. A histologically and clinically distinctive subtype of dysgerminoma. Am J Surg Pathol 5:361–367, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Zander J, Mickan H, Holzmann K, Lohe KJ. Androluteoma syndrome of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 130:170–177, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Zarabi MC, Rupani M. Human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting pure dysgerminoma. Hum Pathol 15:589–592, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Zhang J, Young RH, Arseneau J, Scully RE. Ovarian stromal tumors containing lutein or Leydig cells (luteinized thecomas and stromal Leydigcell tumors)—a clinicopathological analysis of fifty cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1:270–285, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Zoulas PA, Jones HW Jr. Stein-Leventhal syndrome with masculinizing ovarian tumors. Report of 3 cases. Obstet Gynecol 34:861–866, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, St. Michael’s Hospital, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Ara Chalvardjian

Authors
  1. Ara Chalvardjian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chalvardjian, A. Hormone-producing tumors of the ovary. Endocr Pathol 1, 132–171 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02915390

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02915390

Keywords

Search

Navigation