Summary
The authors review the role, clinico-serological correlations and the putative pathogenetic relevance of a number of immunological parameters in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. On the whole, in spite of the fact that levels of cryoglobulins, immune complexes, complement as well as reticuloendothelial splenic function are frequently abnormal in this condition, they are generally poorly correlated with clinical features. Therefore, it is postulated that this apparent discrepancy may either be due to the contemporary presence in the same serum of many types of immune complexes with different toxicity, or to the influence of rheumatoid factor on the nature of circulating immune complexes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aguado M. T., Perrin L. H., Miescher P. A., Lambert P. H.: Decreased capacity to solubilize immune complexes in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus — Arthr. and Rheum.24, 1225, 1981.
Akagaki Y., Fujiwara Y., Nakanishi I., Orita Y., Ando A., Abe H., Kitamura H., Nagaki K., Inai S.: The difference between serum and plasma complement activity in primary renal disease — Clin. Nephrol.14, 75, 1980.
Atkinson J. P., Forman J. C., Curd J., Hyla J. F., Dugan M. J., Keren D. F., Abdon N. I., Wolken S. E.: Cold-dependent activation of complement in systemic lupus erythematosus — Arthr. and Rheum.24, 592, 1981.
Balestrieri G., Pagani D., Tincani A.: Solubilization of immune complexes and inhibition of immune precipitation in SLE sera — J. clin. Lab. Immunol.12, 147, 1983.
Balestrieri G., Tincani A., Migliorini P., Ferri C., Cattaneo R., Bombardieri S.: Inhibitory effect of IgM rheumatoid factor on immune complex solubilization capacity and inhibition of immune precipitation — Arthr. and Rheum.27, 1130, 1984.
Bombardieri S., Ferri C., Di Munno O., Migliorini P.: Immunological follow-up study of 30 patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. In: IX Europ. Congr. of Rheumatology, Wiesbaden, 1979. Abstract no. 706.
Bombardieri S., Paoletti P., Ferri C., Di Munno O., Fornai E., Giuntini C.: Lung involvement in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia — Amer. J. Med.66, 748, 1979.
Ferri C., Bombardieri S.: Variazioni circadiane del criocrito nella crioglobulinemia mista essenziale — Reumatismo31, 373, 1979.
Ferri C., Pontrandolfo A., Puccetti A., Migliorini P., Bombardieri S.: Cold-dependentin vitro activation of complement in immune complex diseases — Clin. Res.32, 463A, 1984.
Frank M. M., Hamburger M. I., Lawley T. J., Kimberly R. P., Plotz P. H.: Defective reticuloendothelial system Fc-receptor function in systemic lupus erythematosus — New Engl. J. Med.300, 518, 1979.
Gilliland B. C.: Serum sickness and immune complexes — New Engl. J. Med.311, 1435, 1984.
Gorevic P. O., Kassab H. J., Levo Y., Kohn R., Meltzer M., Prose P., Franklin E. C.: Mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clinical aspects and long-term follow-up of 40 patients — Amer. J. Med.69, 287, 1980.
Haakenstad A. O., Mannick M.: Saturation of the reticuloendothelial system with soluble immune complexes — J. Immunol.112, 1939, 1974.
Hamburger M. I., Gorevic P. D., Lawley T. J., Franklin E. C., Frank M. M.: Mixed cryoglobulinemia: association of glomerulonephritis with defective reticuloendothelial system Fc-receptor function — Trans. Ass. Amer. Phycns92, 104, 1979.
Inai S., Kitamura H., Fujita T., Kojima J., Nagaki K.: Differences between plasma and serum complement in patients with chronic liver disease — Clin. exp. Immunol.25, 403, 1976.
Jaffe C. J., Vierling J., Jones E. A., Lawley T. J., Frank M. M.: Receptor-specific clearance by the reticuloendothelial system in chronic liver diseases: demonstration of defective C3b-specific clearance in primary biliary cirrhosis — J. clin. Invest.62, 1069, 1978.
Kent J. F., Fife E. H.: Precise standardization of reagents for complement fixation — Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg.12, 103, 1963.
Manca F., Migliorini P., Bombardieri S., Celada F.: An enzymatically active antigen-antibody probe to measure circulating immune complexes by competition. I. Use ofEscherichia coli β-galactosidase in the probe and of bovine conglutinin as a complex-binding reagent — Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol.16, 131, 1980.
Migliorini P., Riente L., Manca F., Celada F., Bombardieri S.: Cold-precipitable immune complexes in collagen diseases: evidence for the coexistence of multiple types of circulating complexes in the same serum — Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol.29, 129, 1983.
Migliorini P., Trovatello G., Cantarella S., Manca F., Bombardieri S., Celada F.: An enzymatically active antigen-antibody probe to measure circulating immune complexes by competition. II.Escherichia coli β-galactosidase in the probe and C1q as the recognition unit — J. immunol. Meth.59, 245, 1983.
Miller G. W., Nussenzweig V.: A new complement function: solubilization of antigen-antibody aggregates — Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.)72, 418, 1975.
Rother U., Rother K., Flad H. D., Miescher P. A.: Bithermic complement activation in cryoglobulinemic serum — Europ. J. clin. Invest.2, 59, 1972.
Schifferli J. A., Bartolotti S. R., Peters D. K.: Inhibition of immune precipitation by complement — Clin. exp. Immunol.42, 387, 1980.
Schifferli J. A., Morris S. M., Dash A., Peters D. K.: Complement-mediated solubilization in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, nephritis or vasculitis — Clin. exp. Immunol.46, 557, 1981.
Tiku M. L., Beutner K. L., Ogra P. L.: Immunological aspects of cryoprecipitates from the sera of chronic HBsAg carriers — Clin. exp. Immunol.36, 54, 1979.
Tincani A., Migliorini P., Ferri C., Balestrieri G., Bombardieri S.: Immune complex solubilization capacity (ICSC) and inhibition of immune precipitation (ICPIC) in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia — Folia allergol. (Roma)30, 22, 1983.
Vitali C., Tavoni A., Bombardieri S.: La fonction réticuloendothéliale splénique dans les maladies à complexes immunes — Méd. et Hyg. (Genève)42, 109, 1984.
Wands J. R., La Mont J. T., Mann E., Isselbacher K. J.: Arthritis associated with intestinal bypass procedure for morbid obesity. Complement activation and characterization of circulating cryoproteins — New Engl. J. Med.294, 121, 1976.
Weisman M., Zvaifler N.: Cryoimmunoglobulinemia in rheumatoid arthritis. Significance in serum of patients with rheumatoid vasculitis — J. clin. Invest.56, 725, 1975.
Williams B. C., Lockwood C. M., Pussel B. A., Cotton C.: Defective reticuloendothelial system function in rheumatoid arthritis — Lanceti, 1311, 1979.
Wilson M. R., Arroyave C. M., Miles L., Tan E. M.: Immune reactants in cryoproteins. Relationship to complement activation — Ann. rheum. Dis.36, 540, 1977.
Zubler R. H., Lange G., Lambert P. H., Miescher P. A.: Detection of immune complexes in unheated sera by modified125I-C1q-binding test. Effect of heating on the binding of C1q by immune complexes and application of the test to systemic lupus erythematosus — J. Immunol.116, 232, 1976.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bombardieri, S., Ferri, C., Migliorini, P. et al. Cryoglobulins and immune complexes in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. La Ricerca Clin. Lab. 16, 281–288 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02909351
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02909351