Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sugar maple decline: An evaluation

  • Published:
Economic Botany Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The current poor state of health and high rate of death of sugar maples (Acer saccharum Marsh.), particularly along roadsides in the Northeast, is thought to be due primarily to the current prolonged and severe drought, aggravated along roads by the salt applied for winter snow control. Sugar maples appear to be particularly sensitive to drought and other abuse because of a shallow root system and other factors. Sugar maples have a narrow range of site tolerances. They are also particularly sensitive to salt injury. The present evaluation of sugar maple decline is based upon approximately 160 published and perhaps as many unpublished sources; it explores the external factors (biotic and abiotic) and internal factors that could contribute to the problem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature Cited

  • Agriculture, U. S. Dept. of (ed.) 1951. Virus diseases and other disorders with viruslike symptoms of stone fruits in North America. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agriculture Handbook No. 10. Wash., D. C. 276 pp. +27 pi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aikman, J. M. and Smelser, A. W. 1938. Structure and environment of forest communities in central Iowa. Ecology19: 141–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alden, P. E. 1939. What the summer has taught us about hurricane damage. Proc. Nat. (now Internat.) Shade Tree Conf.15: 100–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Nurseryman. 1948. Maples for Canada. Amer. Nurserym.87(7): 73–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, F. S. 1949. Revised tolerance table. J. For.47: 179–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassett, I. J., Holmes, R. M., and MacKay, K. H. 1961. Phenology of several plant species at Ottawa, Ontario, and an examination of the influence of air temperatures. Canad. J. Pl. Sci.41: 643–652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, L. and Hayward, H. E. 1958. Physiology of salt tolerance. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.9: 25–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Betts, H. S. 1959. Maple (Acer species), rev. ed. U. S. For Serv., American Woods series. Wash., D. C. 12 pp.

  • Blum, B. M. 1961. Age-size relationships in all-aged northern hardwoods. Ntheast. For. Exp. Sta., Research Note No. 125. Upper Darby, Pa. 3 pp.

  • Bodsworth, F. 1959. Will our national emblem vanish Maclean’s Mag., Toronto,72 (17): 16–17, 43–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bormann, F. H. and Buell, M. F. 1964. Old-age stand of hemlock-northern hardwood forest in central Vermont. Bull. Torrey Bot. Cl.91: 451–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, R. W. 1961. Ash dieback in the Northeast. Ntheast. For. Exp. Sta., Paper No. 163. Upper Darby, Pa. 8 pp.

  • Brandt, R. W. 1964. Ash dieback and maple decline. Proc. Tree Wardens, Arborists and Utilities Conf., Amherst, Mass. (Mar. 64),1964: 46–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brierley, P. 1944. Viruses described primarily on ornamental or miscellaneous plants. Plant Dis. Reptr. Supple.1944: 409–482.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryson, R. A., Irving, W. N., and Larsen, J. A. 1965. Radiocarbon and soil evidence of former forest in the southern Canadian tundra. Science147: 46–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buell, M. F. and Cantlon, J. E. 1951. Study of two forest stands in Minnesota with an interpretation of the prairie-forest margin. Ecology32: 294–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Button, E. F. 1965. Uptake of chlorides by sugar maples from rock salt used for highway ice control. Turf Bull., Amherst, Mass.,2(10): 11–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, H. L. and Bowles, J. M. 1962. Contamination of vegetation by tetraethyl lead. Science137: 765–766.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cater, M. R. 1961. Influence of aspect on the distribution of sugar maple. For. Chron.37: 242–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheyney, E. G. 1942. American Silvics and Silviculture. Univ. Minn. Press. 472 pp.

  • Cope, J. A. 1935. Winter injury to hardwoods in 1933–34. J. For.33: 939–940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cope, J. A. 1946. Silviculture of the sugar bush. J. For.44: 647–649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craighead, F. C. 1950. Insect Enemies of Eastern Forests. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Public. No. 657. Wash., D. C. 679 pp. Plus supple.: Schaffner, J. V., Jr. 1953. Index to Insects by Host Plants, 29 pp.

  • Croxton, W. C. 1939. Study of the tolerance of trees to breakage by ice accumulation. Ecology 20: 71–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dance, B. W. and Lynn, D. F. 1963. Province of Ontario, forest disease conditions. Ann. Rept., Can. Dept. For., For. Ins. & Dis. Surv., Ottawa, 1963: 65–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dansereau, P. 1944. Interpenetrating climaxes in Quebec. Science99: 426–427.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dansereau, P. 1945. Conditions de l’acériculture. Agriculture, Montreal,2: 45–57, 140–152, 259–267, 332–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dansereau, P. 1957. Biogeography: an Ecological Perspective. Ronald Press, N. Y. 394 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, W. and Penhallow, D. P. 1890. On the Pleistocene flora of Canada. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.1: 311–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorf, E. 1960. Climatic changes of the past and present. Am. Scientist48: 341–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downs, A. A. 1938. Glaze damage in. the birch-beech-maple-hemlock type of Pennsylvania and New York. J. For.36: 63–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egler, F. E. 1947. Effects of 2, 4-D on woody plants in Connecticut. J. For.45: 449–452.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felt, E. P. 1943–1944. Delayed winter injury. Proc. Nat. (now Internat.) Shade Tree Conf.19: 19–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, C. 1961. Is nature getting neurotic Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia,234(23): 36,78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forest Service, U. S. 1908. Sugar Maple,Acer saccharum Marsh. U. S. For. Serv., Silvical Leaflet No. 42. Wash., D. C. 4 pp.

  • Forest Service, U. S. 1964. Ash dieback survey completed. Northeastern Forest Pest Reporter, Upper Darby, Pa.,1964(2): 14–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, M. E. 1962. Two diseases of sugar maple in the northeast. Proc. Conf. on Maple Products, Philadelphia (Oct. 62),5: 43–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friesner, R. C. 1949–1950. Growth-rainfall trend coefficients shown by six species of hardwoods in Brown County, Indiana. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud.9: 159–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritts, H. C. 1959. Relation of radial growth to maximum and minimum temperatures in three tree species. Ecology40: 261–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritts, H. C. 1960. Multiple regression analysis of radial growth in individual trees. For. Sci.6: 334–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gates, F. C. and Nichols, G. E. 1930. Relation between age and diameter in trees of the primeval northern hardwood forest. J. For.28: 395–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, R. D. 1935. Studies of wood. III. On the physiology of the tree, with special reference to the ascent of sap and the movement of water before and after death. Canad. J. Res.12: 761–787.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giese, R. L., Kapler, J. E., and Benjamin, D. M. 1964. Studies of maple blight. IV. Defoliation and the genesis of maple blight. Univ. Wis., Research Bull. No. 250: 80–113.

  • Godman, R. M. 1957. Silvical characteristics of sugar maple. (Acer, saccharum Marsh.). Lake St. For. Exp. Sta., Paper No. 50. St. Paul, Minn. 24 pp.

  • Godman, R. M. 1958. Are water table levels an important factor in the establishment and growth of yellow birch Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci.44: 183–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gravatt, G. F. 1926. Maple wilt. U. S. Dept. Agr., Dept. Circular No. 382. Wash., D.C. 13 pp.

  • Greenidge, K. N. H. 1961. Patterns of distribution of sugar maple,Acer saccharum Marsh., in northern Cape Breton Island. Amer. Midl. Nat.66: 138–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, H. D. 1965. Maple dieback in Ontario. For Chron.41: 295–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, H. D. and Lynn, D. F. 1961. Province of Ontario, forest disease survey. Ann. Rept., Can. Dept. For., For. Ins. & Dis. Surv., Ottawa,1961: 73–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, H. L. 1964. Maple blights—discussion and description. Pennsylvania Forests, Harrisburg,54(1): 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, W. M. and Harrar, E.S. 1958. Textbook of Dendrology, Covering the Important Forest Trees of the United States and Canada. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, N. Y. 561 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartley, C. and Merrill, T. C. 1915. Storm and drouth injury to foliage of ornamental trees. Phytopath.5: 20–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawboldt, L. S. and Skolko, A. J. 1948. Investigation of yellow birch dieback in Nova Scotia in 1947. J. For.46: 659–671.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, H. E. and Bernstein, L. 1958. Plant-growth relationships on salt-affected soils. Bot. Rev.24: 584–635.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, H. E. and Wadleigh, C. H. 1949. Plant growth on saline and alkali soils. Advan. Agron.1: 1–38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henckel, P.A. 1964. Physiology of plants under drought. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.15: 363–386.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hepting, G. H. 1944. Sapstreak, a new killing disease of sugar maple. Phytopath.34: 1069–1076.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepting, G. H. 1960. Climate change and forest diseases. Proc. World For. Congr.5(2): 842–847.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepting, G. H. 1963. Climate and forest diseases. Annual Review of Phytopath.1: 31–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepting, G. H. 1964. Damage to forests from air pollution. J. For.62: 630–634.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hibben, C. 1961. Decline of the sugar maple in the northeast. [N. Y. State] Conservationist, Albany,15(6): 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hibben, C. R. 1964. Identity and significance of certain organisms associated with sugar maple decline in New York woodlands. Phytopath.54: 1389–1392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, F. W. 1961. Salt injury to trees. Phytopath.51: 712–718.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houston, D. C. and Kuntz, J. E. 1964. Studies of maple blight. III. Pathogens associated with maple blight. Univ. Wis. Research Bull. No.250: 58–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iljin, W. S. 1957. Drought resistance in plants and physiological processes. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.8:257–274.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis, J. M. 1956. Ecological approach to tolerant hardwood silviculture. Can. For. Br., Tech. Note No. 43, Ottawa. 43 pp.

  • Kaloyereas, S. A. 1958. New method of determining drought resistance. Plant Physiol.33: 232–233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, K. J., Jr. 1963. Dieback of sugar maple, Upper Michigan—1962. U. S. For. Serv., Research Note No. LS-13. Wash., D. C. 2 pp.

  • Kessler, K. J., 1965. Dieback of managed, old-growth northern hardwoods in upper Michigan, 1954–1964—a case history. Plant Dis. Reptr.49: 483–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, K. J., Jr. and Anderson, R. L. 1960.Ceratocystis coerulescens on sugar maple in the Lake States. Plant Dis. Reptr.44: 348–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotheimer, J., Niblett, C, and Rich, A. E. 1965. Salt injury to roadside trees. II. Progress Report. Forest Notes, No. 85: 3–4. Concord, N. Hamp.

  • Kozlowski, T. T. 1958. Water relations and growth of trees. J. For.56: 498–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski, T. T. 1964. Water metabolism in Plants. Harper & Row, N. Y. 227 pp. Kozlowski, T. T. and Cooley, J. H. 1961. Natural root grafting in northern Wisconsin. J. For.59: 105–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriebel, H. B. 1956. Drought-hardy strains extend planting of sugar maple. Ohio Farm & Home Research, Wooster,41 (300): 35, 38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriebel, H. B. 1957. Patterns of genetic variation in sugar maple. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 791. Wooster, 56 pp.

  • Kriebel, H. B. 1963. Some techniques for early diagnosis of genotype inAcer Saccharum L. Züchter6: 68–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristensen, H. R. 1960. [Virus diseases of forest plants.] (In Danish) Dansk Skovforen. Tidsskr.45(4).: 155–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulman, H. M. 1965. Effects of disbudding on the shoot mortality, growth, and bud production in red and sugar maples. J. Econ. Ent.58: 23–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuntz, J. E. and Shea, K. R. 1956. Dying of hard maple in central Wisconsin. Univ. Wis., For. Besearch Note No. 28. 2 pp.

  • Lacasse, N. L. and Rich, A. E. 1964. Maple decline in New Hampshire. Phytopath.54:1071–1075.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lake States Forest Experiment Station (ed.) 1964. Causes of maple blight in the Lake States. U. S. For. Serv., Research Paper No. LS-10. Wash., D. C. 15 pp.

  • Landsberg, H. E. 1958. Trends in climatology. Science128: 749–758.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laties, G. G. 1959. Active transport of salt into plane tissue. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.10: 87–112.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leaphart, C. D. 1963.Armillaria root rot. U.S. For. Serv., Forest Pest Leaflet No. 78. Wash., D. C. 8 pp.

  • Lenz, O. 1957-1958. Utilisation de la radiographie pour l’examen des couches d’accroissement. Mitt, schweiz. Anst. forstl. Versuchsw.33(5): 125–134 + 5 pl.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, J. 1951. Frost, drought, and heat resistance. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.2: 245–268.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, J. 1956. Hardiness of plants. Academic Press (Agronomy Monogr. No. VI), N. Y. 278 pp.

  • Levitt, J. 1958. Frost, drought, and heat resistance Photoplasmatol. Vienna,8(6).87 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lownsbery, B. F. 1956.Pratylenchus vulnus, primary cause of the root-lesion disease of walnuts. Phytopath.46: 376–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupe, I. Z., Petrescu, M., Catrina, I., and Lefter, R., 1962. [Some cases of dieback ofAcer pseudo-platanus L. in plantations on the plains and in the hills.] (In Rumanian) Rev. PĂdurilor77(10): 600–602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magill, P. L., Holden, F. E., and Ackley, C. (eds.) 1956. Air Pollution Handbook. McGraw-Hill, N. Y. 670 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magistad, O. C. 1945. Plant growth relations on saline and alkali soils. Bot. Rev. 11:181–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, D. H. 1950. Dry weather and tree troubles in Massachusetts. Plant Dis. Reptr.34: 400–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, D. H. 1952. Some common noninfectious diseases of shade and ornamental trees in New England. Proc. Nat. [now Internat.] Shade Tree Conf.28: 73–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, R. P. and Rusden, P. L. 1958. Sugar maple problems under observation. Scientific Tree Topics, Stamford, Ct.,2(5):13–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, C. 1961. Diseases of shade and ornamental maples. U. S. Dept. Agr. Agriculture Handbook No. 211. Wash., D. C. 22 pp.

  • McKenzie, M. A. 1943. Diseased maples in Massachusetts Plant. Dis. Reptr.27:255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. W. 1951-1952. Growth data from nine sections ofAcer saccharum from Montgomery County, Indiana. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud.10: 12–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molberg, J. M. 1960. Cautions on use of herbicides. J. For.58: 124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, R. R. 1950. Periodicity and growth of sugar maple surface layer roots. J. For.48: 875–881.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulligan, B. O. 1958. Maples Cultivated in the United States and Canada. Amer. Ass. Botanical Gardens & Arboretums. Univ. Pk., N. Mex. 56 pp.

  • Nash, R. W. 1943. Winter killing of hardwoods. J. For. 41: 841–842.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordin, V. J. 1954. Studies in forest pathology. XIII. Decay in sugar maple in the Ottawa-Huron and Algoma Extension Forest region of Ontario. Canad. J. Bot.32: 221–258 + 17 pl.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noyes, J. H. and Westing, A. H. 1964. Current research on sugar maple decline at the University of Massachusetts. National Maple Syrup Digest, Bainbridge, N. Y.,3(4): 13. Reprinted: Conn. Arborist18(2): 5–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouellette, G. B. and Bard, G. 1963. Factors predisposing sugar maple to premature leaf coloration and leaf fall. Bi-m. Progr. Rep. For. Ent. Path. Br. Dept. For. Can.19(6):1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, J. 1956. Drought resistance in woody plants. Bot. Rev.22: 241–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauley, S. S. 1948. Budding as a silvicultural technique. J. For.46: 524–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phipps, H. M. 1963. Role of 2,4-D in the appearance of a leaf blight of some plains tree species. For. Sci.9: 283–288.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pomerleau, R. 1944. Observations sur quelques maladies non parasitaires des arbres dans le Québec. Canad. J. Res.22,C: 171–189 + 4 pl.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomerleau, R. 1945. Maladies de Pérable a sucre et leur prévention. Forêt Québecoise [Now For.-Conserv.]9: 311–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomerleau, R. 1951. Province of Quebec,forest disease survey. Ann. Rept., Can. Dept. Agr., For. Ins. & Dis. Surv., Ottawa,1951: 124–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomerleau, R. 1952. Province of Quebec forest disease survey. Ann. Rept., Can. Dept. Agr., For. Ins. & Dis. Surv., Ottawa,1952: 35–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomerleau, R. and Lortie, M. 1962. ∣Relationships of dieback to the rooting depth of white birch., For. Sci.8: 219–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pool, R. J. 1939. Some reactions of the vegetation in the towns and cities of Nebraska to the great drought. Bull. Torrey Bot. Cl.66: 457–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raup, H. M. 1937. Recent changes of climate and vegetation in southern New England and adjacent New York. J. Arnold Arbor.18: 79–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymond F. L. and Hill, A. W. 1959. Some effects of early fall frost on hardwood vegetation. Bi-m. Progr. Rep. Div. For. Biol. Dept. Agr. Can.15(6): 2–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redmond, D. R. 1955. Studies in forest pathology. XV. Rootlets, mycorrhiza, and soil temperatures in relation to birch dieback. Canad. J. Bot. 33: 595–627 + 3 pi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, J. 1958. Province of Ontario, forest diseast survey. Ann. Bept., Can. Dept. Agr., For. Ins. & Dis. Surv., Ottawa,1958: 57–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, E. L. 1960. Microclimate of a relict stand of sugar maple in Devils Canyon in Canadian County, Oklahoma. Ecology41: 445–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, E. L. 1962. Microclimate of sugar maple stands in Oklahoma. Ecology43: 19–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, A. E. and Lacasse, N. L. 1963-1964. Salt injury to roadside trees. Forest Notes, Concord, N. Hamp., No.80: 3–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riffle, J. W. 1962. Nematodes associated with maple blight and maple dieback in Wisconsin. Univ. Wis. Ph.D. thesis. 148 pp.

  • Rudolf, P. O. and Watt, R. F. 1956. Chemical control of brush and trees in the Lake States: review of present knowledge. Lake St. For. Exp. Sta., Paper No. 41. St. Paul, Minn. 58 pp.

  • Rush, B. 1793. Account of the sugar mapletree of the United States, and of the methods of obtaining sugar from it, together with observations upon the advantages both public and private of this sugar. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3: 64–81. Reprinted: Mem. Am. Phil. Soc.30(1): 587–599. 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuette, H. A., Schuette, S. C, and Ihde, A. J 1935, 1946. Maple sugar: a bibliography of early records. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Ltrs.29:209–236;38: 89–184.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scully, N. J. 1941-1942. Root distribution and environment in a maple-oak forest. Bot. Gaz.103: 492–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scurfield, G. 1960. Air pollution and tree growth. For. Abstr.21: 339–347, 517–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, P. B. 1943. Grazing versus maple syrup. Science98: 83–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, W. A. 1964-1965. Comparisons of recent declines of white ash, oaks and sugar maple in northeastern woodlands. Cornell Plantations, Ithaca,20(4):62–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skilling, D. C. 1964. Studies of maple blight. V. Ecological factors associated with maple blight. Univ. Wis., Research Bull. No.250: 114–128+ ins. bk. cov.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slabaugh, P. E. 1958. Silvical characteristics of black maple (Acer nigrum Michx. f.). Lake St. For. Exp. Sta., Paper No. 66. St. Paul, Minn. 9 pp.

  • Sparrow, R. C. and Sparrow, A. H. 1965. Relative radiosensitivities of woody and herbaceous spermatophytes. Science147:1449–1451.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staley, J. M. 1965. Decline and mortality of red and scarlet oaks. For Sci. 11: 2–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, G. E. 1917. Shade trees, characteristics, adaptation, diseases and care. Ann. Rept. Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta.29:123–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stonecypher, R. W. and Cech, F. C. 1960. Efficient method of taking large increment cores. J. For.58: 644–645.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout, B. B. 1956. Studies of the root systems of deciduous trees. Black Rock Forest Bull. No. 15. Cornwall-on-the-Hudson, N. T. 45 pp. + 8pl.

  • Strogonov, B. P. 1958. [Physiological basis of salt tolerance of plants: as affected by various types of salinity.] (In Russian) Akademiia Nauk USSR, Moscow. 138 pp. Translater: Poljakoff-Mayber. A. and Mayer, A. M. 1962. Davey, N. Y. 285 pp.

  • Strong, F. C. 1944. Study of calcium chloride injury to roadside trees. Quart. Bull. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta.27: 209–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talerico, R. L. 1962. Study of damage caused by the sugar-maple borer. J. For.60: 178–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, M. K. 1953. Climatological atlas of Canada. National Research Council Publ. No. 3151. Otawa. 253 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toole, E. R. and Broadfoot, W. M. 1959. Sweetgum blight as related to alluvial soils of the Mississippi River floodplain. For. Sci.5: 2–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaadia, Y., Raney, F. C., and Hagan, R. M. 1961. Plant water deficits and physiological processes. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.12: 265–292.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vermont Dept. of Forests and Parks. 1961. Sugar maple decline. Vt. Dep. For. & Parks, Montpelier, Tree Pest Info. [Sheet] No. 2. 1 p.

  • Visher, S. S. 1954. Climatic atlas of the United States. Harvard Univ. Press. 403 pp.

  • Weaver, L. O. 1965. Diebacks and declines of hardwoods attributed to climatic changes —a review. Arborist’s News, Wooster, Ohio,30(5): 33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch, D. S. 1963. Maple decline in the northeast. Proc. Internat. Shade Tree Conf.39: 43–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westing, A. H. 1964. Longevity and aging of trees. Gerontologist, St. Louis,4: 10–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, L. T. 1963–1964. Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Southern Research Station, Maple, Ontario. Ann. Rept., Can. Dept. For., For. Ent. & Path. Br., Ottawa,1963–1964: 63–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willits, C. O. 1965. Maple sirup producers manual, rev. ed. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agriculture Handbook No. 134. Wash., D.C. 112 pp.

  • Woods, F. W. and O’Neal, D. 1965. Tritiated water as a tool for ecological field studies. Science147: 148–149.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yelf, J. T. 1962. Development of a power increment borer. For. Chron.38: 313–317, 309–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhemchuzhnikov, E. A. 1946. Osmotic pressure and the composition of the cell sap in arboreous plants of different salt resistance under increasing soil alkalinity. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR (transl. ed.)52: 627–630.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont

    Arthur H. Westing

Authors
  1. Arthur H. Westing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

The author was on the faculty of the University of Massachusetts Forestry Department at the time that the major portion of this article was prepared. The information upon which this paper is based extends through June, 1965. The information to be presented in this paper applies not only to the typical sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.; in the past, A. saccharophorum K. Koch, etc.), but also to the black maple (A. nigrum Michx. f.) and the Florida maple (A. barbatum Michx.; in the past, A. floridanum [Chapm.] Pax), two species taken to be sufficiently similar to the typical sugar maple to deserve only varietal status. However, the author knows too little about the chalk maple (A. leucoderme Small) and the bigtooth maple (A. grandidentatum Nutt.) to extend his remarks to these probable varieties. The author wishes especially to thank the more than 150 pathologists, foresters, and others who so graciously and conscientiously responded to requests for information.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Westing, A.H. Sugar maple decline: An evaluation. Econ Bot 20, 196–212 (1966). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02904015

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02904015

Keywords

Search

Navigation