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Racism: From irrational anachronism to functional social condition

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The Review of Black Political Economy

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Notes

  1. U.S. Bureau of the Census,The Social and Economic Status of the Black Population in the United States, 1971. Current Population Reports Series P-23, Number 42 (Washington: G.P.O., 1972), pp. 1, 29, 34–36; later figures presented in theSan Francisco Chronicle and other newspapers, January 5, 1974, and July 24, 1974.

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  2. U.S. Bureau of the Census,1970 Census of Population: Detailed Characteristics, United States Summary (Washington: G.P.O., 1972), pp. 1–761, 1–764;San Francisco Chronicle, February 4, 1974.

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  3. Willia Gray interview in theSan Francisco Examiner, June 11, 1972; Daniel Fusfeld,The Basic Economics of the Urban Racial Crisis (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1973), p. 1.

  4. Walter T. Martin and Dudley Poston, “The Occupational Composition of White Females: Sexism, Racism, and Occupational Differentiation,”Social Forces, L (March, 1972), 355.

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  5. Walter Heller, “The Economics of the Race Problem,”Social Research, XXXVII (December, 1970), 506; see also William K. Tabb, “Viewing Minority Economic Development as a Problem in Political Economy,”American Economic Review, LXII (May, 1972), 37.

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  6. Gary Becker,The Economics of Discrimination (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), as cited by David W. Rasmussen, “Discrimination and the Income of Non-White Males,”American Journal of Economics and Sociology, XXX (October, 1971), 382; Heller, “Economics,” pp. 509–510; B.F. Kiker and W. Pierce Liles, “Earnings, Employment, and Racial Discrimination: Additional Evidence,”American Economic Review, LXIV (June, 1974), 497; Clifford E. Landers and Patricia L. Weaver, “The Cost of Being Black, 1970: Some Preliminary Observations,”Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, XX (Fall 1974).

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  7. Michael Harris, “Nixon Policy on Jobless Blasted Here, “San Francisco Chronicle, July 27, 1974; Dan Lacy,The White Use of Blacks in America (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972), pp. 185–208, 211, 228–229; Fusfeld,Basic Economics, p. 46.

  8. The figures can be found in U.S. Bureau of the Census,1970: Detailed Characteristics, pp. 1–679, 1–680; the “dual labor market” model is presented by Howard M. Wachtel, “Capitalism and Poverty in America: Paradox or Contradiction?”American Economic Review, LXII (May, 1972), 187–188, 190–191.

  9. Wachtel, “Capitalism,” p. 190; Fusfeld,Basic Economics, pp. 26–27, 33–40.

  10. Barbara Bergmann, “The Effect on White Incomes of Discrimination in Employment,”Journal of Political Economy, LXXIX (March, 1971), 311; Fusfeld,Basic Economics, p. 33; Wachtel, “Capitalism,” pp. 187–188.

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  11. Heller, “Economics,” pp. 502–503.

  12. Fusfeld,Basic Economics, pp. 49n., 79–81, 88–90; Department of Health, Education and Welfare figures and University of Michigan analysis summarized inSan Francisco Chronicle and other newspapers, July 15, 1974.

  13. The number of black middle-class families may even be declining, according to economic analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics figures by the National Urban League t(San Francisco Examiner, August 2, 1974). See also Duran Bell, “Occupational Discrimination as a Source of Income Differences: Lessons of the 1960’s”American Economic Review, LXII (May, 1972), 365, 371; Albert Niemi, “The Impact of Recent Civil Rights Laws,”American Journal of Economics and Sociology, XXXIII (April, 1974), 137–138, 143.

  14. Bell, “Occupational,” p. 366.

  15. Tabb, “Viewing Development,” pp. 31–32;San Francisco Chronicle, February 22, 1973.

  16. Rasmussen, “Discrimination,” pp. 377n., 379; Lacy,White Use, p. 232; Joseph Alsop, “Blacks and Whites and ‘Jensenism,’”San Francisco Chronicle and elsewhere, August 22, 1973. Arthur Jensen makes his admissions regarding the social biases of intelligence tests most forthrightly and accessibly inPsychology Today, III (October, 1969), 4, 6.

  17. Heller, “Economics,” pp. 503–504; see also pp. 506–507.

  18. Dr. Brooks was quoted in theLos Angeles Times andSan Francisco Chronicle, April 26, 1974; the other statistics are found in Fusfeld,Basic Economics, pp. 95–96, and Arthur F. Brimmer, “The Road Ahead: Prospects for Blacks in Business,”Journal of Negro History, LVIII (April, 1973), 190–191, 202–203.

  19. Tabb, “Viewing Development,” p. 35. See also Brimmer, “Road Ahead,” pp. 188, 192–193, 196.

  20. Kiker and Liles, “Earnings,” pp. 498, 500; Leonard Weiss and Jeffrey G. Williamson, “Black Education, Earnings, and Interregional Migration: Some New Evidence,”American Economic Review, LXII (June, 1972), 379, 381–383; Herbert Gintis, “Education, Technology, and the Characteristics of Worker Productivity,”American Economic Review, LXI (May, 1971), 268–271; Wachtel, “Capitalism,” p. 190.

  21. “Our Volunteer Army,” editorial,San Francisco Examiner, July 7, 1974; see also Michael Getier, “Volunteer Army’s Success,”San Francisco Chronicle “This World” magazine, July 7, 1974.

  22. San Francisco Chronicle, June 30, 1972; Sheriff Hongisto was interviewed inGallery, 1 (April, 1973), 47.

  23. The statistics can be found in the U.S. Federal Bureau of InvestigationUniform Crime Reports, which appear annually in August. For example, for 1972 see the “Total Arrests by Race” tables, pp. 131–133.

  24. Wachtel, “Capitalism,” p. 190; Stanley Kauffmann, “On Films,”The New Republic, April 18, 1973, pp. 20, 33; the ad for “Willie Dynamite” was found in theSan Francisco Chronicle and other newspapers, April 2, 1974. See also “Is it Better to be Shaft Than Uncle Tom?”,New York Times, August 26, 1973, p. D-11, and the letters regarding “Sweetback in Wonderland,”Ebony, XXVII (November, 1971), 15–21.

  25. New York Times, October 13, 1944, p. 21.

  26. San Francisco Chronicle, April 13, 1974; see also, on Saxbe,The Chronicle and other newspapers of April 29, 1974, and July 15, 1974.

  27. San Francisco Chronicle, July 15, 1974.

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Authors
  1. Donald H. Grubbs
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  2. Clifford E. Landers
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Grubbs, D.H., Landers, C.E. Racism: From irrational anachronism to functional social condition. Rev Black Polit Econ 6, 59–71 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02903903

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