Summary
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent malignancies in humans and in most cases a consequence of chronic infection of the liver by hepatotropic viruses (Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and possibly Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)). Formation of HCC results from a stepwise process involving different preneoplastic lesions that reflect multiple genetic events, like protooncogene activation, tumor suppressor gene inactivation, and growth factor overor reexpression. Recent investigations have gained new insights into how these factors are activated and may interact. In addition, improved knowledge of the molecular biology of HBV has led to better understanding of its pleiotropic effects on induction and progression in hepatocarcinogenesis
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aaronson SA (1991) Growth factors and cancer. Science 254:1146–1153
Adams JM, Cory S (1991) Transgenic models of tumor development. Science 254:1161–1167
Anthony PP (1976) Precursor lesions for liver cancer in humans. Cancer Res 36:2579–2582
Arakawa M, Kage M, Sugihara S, Nakashima T, Suenaga M, Okuda K (1986 a) Emergence of malignant lesions within an adenomatous hyperplastic nodule in a cirrhotic liver: observations in five cases. Gastroenterology 91:198–208
Arbuthnot P, Kew M, Fritsch W (1991)c-fos andc-myc oncoprotein expression in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Anticancer Res 11:921–924
Baker SJ, Markowitz S, Fearon ER, Wilson JKV, Vogelstein B (1990) Suppression of human colorectal carcinoma cell growth by wild-type p53. Science 249:912–915
Bandara LR, Adamczewski JP, Hunt T, La Thangue NB (1991) Cyclin A and the retinoblastoma gene product complex with a common transcription factor. Nature 352:249–251
Bauer-Hofmann R, Buchmann A, Wright AS, Schwarz M (1990) Mutations in the Ha-ras proto-oncogene in spontaneous and chemically induced liver tumours of the CFI mouse. Carcinogenesis 11:1875–1877
Beasley RP, Lin CC, Hwang LY, Chien CS (1981) Hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatitis B virus: a prospective study of 22707 men in Taiwan. Lancet II: 1129–1133
Behrens J, Mareel MM, Roy FM van, Birchmeier W (1989) Dissecting tumor cell invasion; epithelial cells acquire invasive properties after the loss of uvomorulin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Biol 108:2435–2447
Ben David Y, Bernstein A (1991) Friend virus-induced erytheoleukemia and the multistage nature of cancer. Cell 66:831–834
Benbrook D, Lernhardt E, Pfahl H (1988) A new retinoic acid receptor identified from a hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature 333:669–672
Biggs J, Hersperger E, Steeg PS, Liotta LA, Shearn A (1990) ADrosophila gene that in homologous to a mammalian gene associated with tumor metastasis codes for a nucleoside diphosphate kinase. Cell 63:933–940
Bishop JM (1991) Molecular themes in oncogenesis. Cell 64:235–248
Braun L, Goyette M, Yaswen P, Thompson NL, Fausto N (1987) Growth in culture and tumorigenicity after transfection withras oncogene of liver epithelial cells from carcinogen-treated rats. Cancer Res 47:4116–4124
Brechot C, Pourcel C, Louise A, Rain B, Tiollais P (1980) Presence of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA sequences in cellular DNA of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature 286:533–535
Brenner DA, Koch KS, Leffert HL (1989) Transforming growth factor stimulates proto-oncogene c-jun expression and a mitogenic program in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. DNA 8:279–285
Bressac B, Galvin KM, Liang TJ, Isselbacher KJ, Wands JR, Ozturk M (1990) Abnormal structure and expression of p53 gene in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1973–1977
Bressac B, Kew M, Wands J, Ozturk M (1991) Selective G to T mutations of p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma from southern Africa. Nature 350:429–431
Bruix J, Barrera JM, Calvet X, Ercilla G, Costa J, Sanchez-Tapias JM, Ventura M, Vall M, Bruguera M, Bru C, et al (1989) Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in Spanish patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic cirrhosis. Lancet 11:1004–1006
Buendia MA, Etiemble J, Degott C, Babinet C, Tiollais P (1991) Primary hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice carrying a woodchuck c-myc gene activated by hepadnaviral insertion. In: Ciliberto C, Cortese R, Schibler U, Schütz G (eds) Gene expression during liver differentiation and disease. IRBM p 187
Buetow KH, Murray JC, Israel JL, London WT, Smith M, Kew M, Blanquet V, Brechot C, Redeker A, Gonvindarajah S (1989) Loss of hepatozygosity suggests tumor suppressor gene responsible for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:8852–8856
Cantely LC, Anger KR, Carpenter C, Duckworth B, Graziani A, Kapeller R, Soltoff S (1991) Oncogenes and signal transduction. Cell 64:281–302
Cariani E, Lasserre C, Seurin D, Hamelin B, Kemeny F, Franco D, Czech MP, Ullrich A, Brechot C (1988) Differential expression of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA in human primary liver cancers, benign liver tumors and liver cirrhosis. Cancer Res 48:6844–6849
Cariani E, Lasserre C, Kemeny F, Franco D, Brechot C (1991) Expression of insulin-like growth factor II, fetoprotein and hepatitis B virus transcripts in human primary liver cancer. Hepatology 13:644–649
Carmichael DF, Sommer A, Thompson RC, Anderson DC, Smith CG, Welgus HG, Stricklin GP (1986) Primary structure and cDNA cloning of human fibroblast collagenase inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:2407–2411
Caselmann WH, Meyer M, Kekule AS, Lauer U, Hofschneider PH, Koshy R (1990) A trans-activator function is generated by integration of hepatitis B virus preS/S sequences in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:2970–2974
Chakraborty PR, Ruiz-Opazo N, Shouval D, Shafritz DA (1980) Identification of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA and expression of viral RNA in HBsAG-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Nature 286:531–533
Chandar N, Lombardi B, Locker J (1989) C-myc gene amplification during hepatocarcinogenesis by a choline-devoid diet. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2703–2707
Cheah MSC, Wallace CD, Hoffman RM (1984) Hypomethylation of DNA in human cancer cells: a site-specific change in the c-myc oncogene. J Natl Cancer Inst 73:1057–1065
Chisari F, Klopchin K, Morijama T, Pasquinelli C, Dunsford HA, Sell S, Pinkert CA, Brinster RL, Palmiter RD (1989) Molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice. Cell 59:1145–1156
Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M (1989) Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a bloodborne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 244:359–362
Colgrove R, Simon G, Ganem D (1989) Transcriptional activation of homologous and heterologous genes by the hepatitis B virus gene product in cells permissive for viral replication. J Virol 63:4019–4026
Colombo M, Kuo G, Choo QL, Donato MF, Del Ninno E, Tommasini MA, Dioguardi N, Houghton M (1989) Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in Italian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet II: 1006–1008
Corcos D, Defer N, Raymoundjean M, Paris B, Corral M, Tichonicky L, Kruh J (1984) Correlated increase of the expression of the c-ras gene in chemically induced hepatocarcinomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 122:259–264
Corral M, Tichonicky L, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Corcos D, Raymondgean M, Paris B, Kruh J, Defer N (1985) Expression of c-fos oncogene during hepatocarcinogenesis, liver regeneration and in synchronized HTC cells. Exp Cell Res 160:427–434
Cote GJ, Chiu JF (1987) The expression of oncogenes and liver specific genes in Morris hepatomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 143:624–629
Cross M, Dexter TM (1991) Growth factors in development, transformation and tumorigenesis. Cell 64:271–280
Cullen JM, Marion PL, Sherman GJ, Hong X, Newbold JE (1990) Hepatic neoplasms in aflatoxin B1 treated, congenital duck hepatitis B virus-infected, and virus-free Peking ducks. Cancer Res 50:4072–4080
Daughaday WM, Wu J-C, Lee S-D, Kapadia M (1990) Abnormal processing of pro-IGF-II in patients with hepatoma and in some hepatitis B virus antibody-positive asymptomatic individuals. J Lab Clin Med 115:555–562
Davis M, Portmann B, Searle M, Wright R, Williams R (1975) Histological evidence of carcinoma in a hepatic tumour associated with oral contraceptives. BMJ 4:496–498
Dejean A, Sonigo P, Wain-Hobson S, Tiollais P (1984) Specific hepatitis B virus integration in hepatocellular carcinoma DNA through a viral 11-base-pair direct repeat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:5350–5354
Dejean A, Bougueleret L, Grzeschik KH, Tiollais P (1986) Hepatitis B virus DNA integration in a sequence homologous to v-erbA and steroid receptor genes in a hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature 322:70–72
Derynck R, Goeddel DV, Ullrich A, Gutterman JK, Williams RD, Bringman TS, Berger NM (1987) Synthesis of messenger RNAs for transforming growth factor and β and the epidermal growth factor receptor by human tumors. Cancer Res 47:707–712
DeThe H, Marchio A, Tiollais P, Dejean A (1987) A novel steroid thyroid hormone receptor-related gene inappropriately expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature 330:667–670
De Vos R, Desmet VJ (1991) Ultrastructural identification of novel hepatic epithelial cells. Hepatology 14:100A
Di Bisceglie AM, Rustgi VK, Hoofnagle JM, Dusheiko JM, Lotze MT (1988) Hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Intern Med 108:390–401
Di Stasi M, Sbolli G, Fornari F, Cavanna L, Civardi G, Rossi S, Buscarini E, Buscarini L (1990) Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with other primary malignancies. Eur J Cancer 26:649–650
Dubois N, Bennoun M, Allemand I, Molina T, Grimber G, Daudet-Monsac M, Abelanet R, Briand P (1991) Time course development of differentiated hepatocarcinoma and lung metastasis in transgenic mice. J Hepatol 13:227–239
Dunn WA, Hubbard AL (1984) Receptor-mediated endocytosis of epidermal growth factor by hepatocytes in the perfused rat liver: ligand and receptor dynamics. J Cell Biol 98:2148–2159
Edman JC, Gray P, Valenzuela P, Rall LB, Rutter WJ (1980) Integration of hepatitis B virus sequences and their expression in a human hepatoma cell line. Nature 286:535–538
Edmondson HA, Steiner PE (1954) Primary carcinoma of the liver: a study of 100 cases among 48900 necropsies. Cancer 7:462–503
Eriksson S, Carlson J, Velez R (1986) Risk of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. N Engl J Med 314:736–739
Esumi M, Aritaka T, Arii M, Suzuki K, Tanikawa K, Mizuo H, Mimaby T, Shikata T (1986) Clonal origin of human hepatoma determined by integration of hepatitis B virus DNA. Cancer Res 46:5767–5771
Etiemble J, Möröy T, Jacquemin E, Tiollais P, Buendia MA (1989) Fused transcripts of c-myc and a new cellular locus,hcr in a primary liver tumor. Oncogene 4:51–57
Faktor O, Shaul Y (1990) The identification of hepatitis B virus X gene responsive elements reveals functional similarity of X and HLTV-I tax. Oncogene 5:867–872
Farber E, Sarma DSR (1987) Hepatocarcinogenesis: a dynamic cellular perspective. Lab Invest 56:4–22
Fearon ER, Vogelstein B (1990) A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61:759–767
Finlay CA, Minds PW, Levine AL (1989) The p53 proto-oncogene can act as a suppressor of transformation. Cell 57:1083–1093
Fourel G, Trepo C, Bougueleret L, Henglein B, Ponzetto A, Tiollais P, Buendia MA (1990) Frequent activation of N-myc genes by hepadnavirus insertion in woodchuck liver tumours. Nature 347:294–298
Fu XX, Su CY, Lee Y, Hintz R, Biempica L, Snyder R, Rogler CE (1988) Insulin-like growth factor II expression and oval cell proliferation associated with hepatocarcinogenesis in woodchuck hepatitis virus carriers. J Virol 62:3422–3430
Fujimori M, Tokino T, Hino O, Kitagawa T, Imamura T, Okamoto E, Mitsunobu M, Ishikawa T, Nakagama H, Harada H, et al. (1991) Allelotype study of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 51:89–93
Fukuda Y, Imoto M, Koyama Y, Miyazawa Y, Nakano I, Hattori M, Urano F, Kodama S, Iwata K, Hayakawa T (1991) Immunohistochemical study on tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in normal and pathological human livers. Gastroenterol Jpn 26:37–41
Funato T, Yokota J, Sakamoto M, Kameya T, Fukushima S, Ito N, Terada M, Sugimura T (1987) Activation of N-ras gene in a rat hepatocellular carcinoma induced by Dibutylnitrosamine and butylated Hydroxytoluene. Jpn J Cancer Res 78:689–694
Furuya K, Nakamura M, Yamamoto Y, Togei K, Otsuka H (1988) Macroregenerative nodule of the liver: a clinicopathologic study of 345 autopsy cases of chronic liver disease. Cancer 61:99–105
Galibert F, Mandart E, Fitoussi F, Tiollais P, Charnay P (1979) Nuleotide sequence of hepatitis B virus genome (subtype ayw) cloned inE. Coli. Nature 281:646–650
Ganem D, Varmus HE (1987) The molecular biology of the hepatitis B viruses. Annu Rev Biochem 56:651–693
Gerin JL (1990) Experimental WHV infection of woodchucks: an animal model of hepadnavirus-induced liver cancer. Gastroenterol Jpn 25 [Suppl 2]:38–42
Gherardi E, Gray J, Stoker M, Perryman M, Furlong R (1989) Purification of scatter factor, a fibroblast-derived basic protein that modulates epithelial interactions and movement. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:5844–5848
Gilliam JH, Geisinger KR, Richter JE (1984) Primary hepatocellular carcinoma after chronic non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 101:794–795
Gottesman M (1990) The role of proteases in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 1:97–160
Gray A, Tarn AW, Dull TJ, Hayflick J, Pintar J, Cavenee WK, Koufos A, et al (1987) Tissue-specific and developmentally regulated transcription of the insulin-like growth factor II gene. DNA 6:283–295
Grigoni WF, Garbisa S, D’Errico A, Baccarini P, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Liotta LA, Mancini I (1991) Evaluation of hepatocellular aggressiveness by a panel of extracellular matrix antigens. Am J Pathol 138:647–654
Halevy O, Michalovitz D, Oren M (1990) Different tumor-derived p53 mutants exhibit distinct biological activities. Science 250:113–116
Hanahan D (1988) Dissecting multistep tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. Annu Rev Genet 22:479–519
Hayward NK, Walker GJ, Graham W, Cooksley E (1991) Hepatocellular carcinoma mutation. Nature 352:764
Held WA, Mullins JJ, Kuhn J, Gallagher JF, Gu GD, Gross KW (1989) T antigen expression and tumorigenesis in transgenic mice containing a mouse major urinary protein/SV40 T antigen hybrid gene. EMBO J 8:183–191
Hennessy C, Henry JA, May FEB, Westley BR, Angus B, Lennard TWJ (1992) Expression of the anti-metastatic gene nm23 in human breast cancer association with a good prognosis. J Natl Cancer Inst (in press)
Hess J, Stemler M, Will H, Schröder CH, Kuhn J, Braun R (1988) Frequent datection of antibodies to hepatitis B virus X-protein in acute, chronic and resolved infections. Med Microbiol Immunol 177:195–205
Hilger C, Velhagen I, Zentgraf H, Schröder CH (1991) Diversity of hepatitis B virus X-gene related transcripts in hepatocellular carcinoma a novel polyadenylation site on viral DNA. J Virol 65:4284–4291
Hino O, Shows TB, Rogler CE (1986) Hepatitis B virus integration site in hepatocellular carcinoma at chromosome 17; 18 translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:8338–8342
Hino O, Ohtake K, Rogler CE (1989) Features of two hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA integrations suggest mechanism of HBV integration. J Virol 63:2638–2643
Höhne M, Schaefer S, Seifer M, Feitelson MA, Paul D, Gerlich WH (1990) Malignant transformation of immortalized transgenic hepatocytes after transfection with hepatitis B virus. EMBO J 11:1137–1145
Hsu T, Möröy T, Etiemble J, Louise A, Trepo C, Tiollais P, Buendia M (1988) Activation of c-myc by woodchuck hepatitis virus insertion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell 55:627–635
Hsu T, Fourel G, Etiemble J, Tiollais P, Buendia MA (1990) Integration of hepatitis virus DNA near c-myc in woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Jpn 25 [Suppl 2]: 43–48
Hsu IC, Metcalf RA, Sun T, Welsh JA, Wang NJ, Harris CC (1991) Mutational hotspot in the p53 gene in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Nature 350:427–428
Hu K-Q, Vierling JM, Siddiqui A (1990) Transactivation of HLADR gene by hepatitis B virus X gene product. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:7140–7144
Huber BE, Dearfield KL, Williams CA, Heilmann CA, Thorgeirsson SS (1985) Tumorigenicity and transcriptional modulation of c-myc and N-ras oncogenes in a human hepatoma cell line. Cancer Res 45:4322–4329
Hunter T (1991) Cooperation between oncogenes. Cell 64:249–270
Hunter T, Pines J (1991) Cyclines and cancer. Cell 66:1071–1074
Hynes RO (1987) Integrins: a family of cell surface receptors. Cell 48:549–554
Imazeki F, Yagimuma K, Omata M, Okuda K, Kobayashi M, Koike K (1988) Integrated structures of duck hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Virol 62:861–865
Infantolino D, Bonino F, Zanetti AR, Lesniewski RR, Barbazza R, Chiaramonte M (1990) Localization of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen by immunohistochemistry on fixed embedded liver tissue. Ital J Gastroenterol 22:198–199
Ishikawa F, Takaku F, Ochiai M, Hayashi K, Hirohashi S, Terada M, Takayama S, Nagao M, Sugimura T (1985) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 132:186–192
Ishikawa T, Kazuhiko U, Mangelsdorf DJ, Aburatani H, Stanger BZ, Shibasaki Y, Imawari M, Evans RM, Takaku F (1990) A functional retinoic acid receptor encoded by the gene on human chromosome 12. Mol Endocrinol 4:837–844
Jhappan C, Stahle C, Harkins RN, Fausto N, Smith GH, Merlino GT (1990) TGFα overexpression in transgenic mice includes liver neoplasia and abnormal development of the mammary gland and pancreas. Cell 61:1137–1146
Kanai T, Hirohashi S, Upton MP, Nogudi M, Kishi K, Makunchi M, Yamasaki S, Hasegawa H, Takayasu K, Moriyama N, Shimosato Y (1987) Pathology of small hepatocellular carcinoma: a proposal for a new gross classification. Cancer 60:810–819
Kandel J, Bossy-Wetzel E, Radvanyi F, Klagsbrun M, Folkman J, Hanahan D (1991) Neovascularization is associated with a switch to the export of bFGF in the multistep development of fibrosarcoma. Cell 66:1095–1104
Kaneko Y, Shibuya M, Nakayama T, Hayashida N, Toda G, Endo Y, Oka M, Oda T (1985) Hypomethylationof c-myc and epidermal growth factor receptor genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma and fetal liver. Jpn J Cancer Res 76:1136–1140
Kekule AS, Lauer U, Meyer M, Caselmann WH, Hofschneider PH, Koshy R (1990) The preS2/S region of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA encodes a transcriptional transactivator. Nature 343:457–461
Kew MC, Houghton M, Choo QL, Kuo G (1990) Hepatitis C virus antibodies in southern African blacks with hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 335:873–874
Kiechle-Schwarz M, Scherer G, Kovacz G (1990) No evidence for loss of alleles at 11p in HBV negative hepatocellular carcinomas. Genes Chromosom Cancer 1:312–314
Kim CM, Koike K, Saito I, Myamura T, Jay G (1991) HBx gene of hepatitis B virus induces liver cancer in transgenic mice. Nature 351:317–320
Kimura N, Johnson G (1983) Increased membrane associated nucleotide diphosphate kinase activity as a possible basis for enhanced guanine nucleotide dependent adenylate cyclase activity induced by picolinic acid treatment of simian virus 40-transformed normal rat kidney cells. J Biol Chem 258:12609–12617
Kimura Y, Hashimoto N, Kobayashi M, Higashi T, Watanabe A, Tsuji T (1990) Elevation of serum type IV collagen-degrading enzyme in hepatocellular carcinoma with metastasis. Clin Biochem 23:135–138
Kiyosawa K, Akahane Y, Nagata A, Furuta S (1984) Hepatocellular carcinoma after non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 79:777–781
Knudson AG (1971) Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68:820–823
Koelma IA, Nap M, Huitema S, Kron RAF, Houthoff MJ (1986) Hepatocellular carcinoma, adenoma, and focal nodular hyperplasia. Comparative histopathologic study with immunohistochemical parameters. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110:1035–1040
Kondo F, Hirooka N, Wada K, Kondo Y (1987) Morphological clues for the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinomas. Virchows Arch [A] 411:15–21
Kondo F, Wada K, Nagato Y, Nakajima T, Kondo Y, Hirooka N, Ebara M, Ohto M, Okuda K (1989) Biopsy diagnosis of well differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma based on new morphologic criteria. Hepatology 9:751–755
Koshy R, Hofschneider PH (1984) In: Overby LR, Deinhardt F, Deinhardt J (eds) Viral hepatitis. Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia, pp 205–210
Koshy R, Zahm P, Wollersheim M, Hofschneider PH (1989) Transactivation by HBV X gene product. In: Bannasch P, Keppler D, Weber G (eds) Liver cell carcinoma. Kluwer Dordrecht, pp 117–135
Lauer U, Weiß L, Hofschneider PH, Kekule AS (1991) Transcription factors AP-1, AP-2 and NFkB are mediators of the HBV preS/S (M HBs) transactivator effect. Hepatology 14:120A
Lee DC, Rose TM, Webb NR, Todaro GJ (1985) Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for rat transforming growth factor-α. Nature 313:489–491
Lee T-H, Finegold MJ, Shen R-F, DeMayo J, Woo SSLC, Butel JS (1990) Hepatitis B virus transactivator X protein is not tumorigenic in transgenic mice. J Virol 64:5939–5947
Lefkovitch JH, Apfelbaum TF (1987) Liver cell dysplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma in non-A, non-B hepatitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111:170–173
Levin EG, Santell L (1987) Association of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) with the growth substratum and membrane of human endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 105:2543–2649
Levine AJ, Momand J, Finlay CA (1991) The p53 tumor suppressor gene. Nature 351:453–455
Lewin B (1991) Oncogenic conversion by regulatory changes in transcription factors. Cell 64:303–312
Liang X-H, Stemler M, Will H, Braun R, Tang Z-Y, Schröder CH (1988) Low incidence and high titers of antibodies to hepatitis B virus X protein in sera of Chinese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Virol 25:329–337
Lieber CS, Garro A, Leo MA, Mak KM, Werner T (1986) Alcohol and cancer. Hepatology 8:531–532
Limmer J, Fleig WE, Leupold D, Bittner R, Ditschuneit H, Beger HG (1988) Hepatocellular carcinoma in type I glycogen storage disease. Hepatology 8:531–537
Liotta LA, Mandler R, Murano G, Katz DA, Gordon RK, Chiang PK, Schiffmann E (1986) Tumor cell autocrine motility factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:3302–3306
Liotta LA, Steeg PS, Stetler-Stevenson WG (1991) Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: an inbalance of positive and negative regulation. Cell 64:327–336
Makino R, Hayashi K, Sato S, Sugimura T (1984) Expression of the c-H-ras andc-myc genes in rat liver tumors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 119:1092–1102
Malkin D, Li FP, Strong LC, Fraumeni JF, Nelson CE, Kim DH, Kassel J, Gryka MA, Bischoff FZ, Tainsky MA, Friend SH (1990) Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms. Science 250:1233–1238
Mansouri A, Spurr N, Goodfellow PN, Kemler R (1988) Characterization and chromosomal localization of the gene encoding the human cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin. Differentiation 38:67–71
Marion PL, Oshiro LS, Regnery DC, Scullard GH, Robinson WS (1980) A virus in Beechey ground squirrels that is related to hepatitis B virus of humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:2941–2945
Marion PL, Van Davelaar MJ, Knight SS, Salazar FH, Garcia G, Popper H, Robinson WS (1986) Hepatocellular carcinoma in ground squirrel persistently infected with ground squirrel hepatitis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:4543–4546
Marshall CJ (1991) Tumor suppressor genes. Cell 64:313–326
Mason WS, Seal G, Summers J (1980) Virus of Peking ducks with structural and biological relatedness to human hepatitis B virus. J Virol 36:829–836
Mathieu M, Rochefort H, Barentow B, Prebois C, Vignon F (1990) Interaction of cathepsin-D and insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) on the IGF-II/Mannose-6-phosphate receptor in human breast cancer cells and possible consequences on mitogenic activity of IGF-II. Mol Endocrinol 4:1327–1335
Matrisian L, Bowden T (1990) Stromelysin/transin and tumor progression. Semin Cancer Biol 1:107–115
Matsubara K, Tokino T (1990) Integration of hepatitis B virus DNA and its implication for hepatocarcinogenesis. Mol Biol Med 7:243–260
Matsuno Y, Hirohashi S, Furuya SW, Sakamoto M, Mukai K, Shimosato Y (1990) Heterogeneity of proliferative activity in nodule-in-nodule lesions of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Pathol Jpn 40:267–278
McMahon G, Hanson L, Lee J-J, Wogan GN (1986) Identification of an activated c-Ki-ras oncogene in rat liver tumors induced by aflatoxin B1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:9418–9422
McMahon G, Davis E, Wogan GN (1987) Characterization of c-Ki-ras oncogene alleles by direct sequencing of enzymatically amplified DNA from carcinogen-induced tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:4974–4978
McMahon G, Davis EF, Huber LJ, Kim Y, Wogan GN (1990) Characterization of c-Ki-ras and N-ras oncogenes in aflatoxin B1-induced rat liver tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1104–1108
Mead JE, Fausto N (1989) Transforming growth factor alpha may be a physiological regulator of liver regeneration by means of an autocrine mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:1558–1562
Messing A, Chen Y, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL (1985) Peripheral neuropathies, hepatocellular carcinomas and islet cell adenomas in transgenic mice. Nature 316:461–463
Milner J, Cook A, Mason J (1990) p53 is associated with p34/cdc2 in transformed cells. EMBO J 9:2885–2889
Morizane T, Nakamura H, Saito H, Watanabe T, Inagaki Y, Satoh I, Tsuchimoto K, Tsuchiya M (1987) Transformation of NIH/ 3T3 cells by DNA from a human hepatoma cell line with integrated hepatitis B virus DNA. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 23:163–169
Möröy T, Marchio A, Etiemble J, Trepo C, Tiollais P, Buendia MA (1986) Rearrangement and enhanced expression of c-myc in hepatocellular carcinoma of hepatitis virus infected woodchucks. Nature 324:276–297
Nagasue N, Akamizu Y, Yukaya H, Yuuki I (1984) Hepatocellular pseudotumor in the cirrhotic liver. Cancer 54:2487–2494
Nagaya T, Nakamura T, Tokino T, Tsurimoto T, Imai M, Mayumi T, Kamino K, Yamamura K, Matsubara K (1987) The mode of hepatitis B virus DNA integration in chromosomes of human hepatocellular carcinomas. Genes Dev 1:773–782
Nagy P, Evarts RP, Marsden E, Roach J, Thorgeirsson SS (1988) Cellular distribution of c-myc transcripts during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res 48:5522–5527
Nakamura T, Tokino T, Nagaya T, Matsubara K (1988) Microdeletion associated with the integration process of hepatitis B virus DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 16:4865–4873
Nakanuma Y, Terada T, Terasaki S, Ueda K, Nonomura A, Kawahara E, Matsui O (1990) Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia in liver cirrhosis: low grade hepatocellular carcinoma or borderline lesion? Histopathology 17:27–35
Nambu S, Inone K, Sasaki H (1987) Site-specific hypomethylation of the c-myc oncogene in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 78:695–704
Nickerson J, Wells W (1984) The microtubule-associated nucleoside diphosphate kinase. J Biol Chem 259:11297–11304
Niederau C, Fischer R, Sonnenberg A, Stremmel W, Trampisch HJ, Strohmeyer G (1985) Survival and causes of death in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients with primary hemochromatosis. N Engl J Med 313:1256–1262
Ochiya T, Fujiyama A, Fukushige S, Hatada I, Matsubara K (1986) Molecular cloning of an oncogene from a human hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:4993–4997
Ochiya T, Tsurimoto T, Ueda K, Okubo K, Shiozawa M, Matsubara K (1989) An in vitro system for infection with hepatitis B virus that uses primary human hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:1875–1879
Ogata N, Kamimura T, Asakura H (1991) Point mutation, allelic loss and increased methylation of c-Ha-ras gene in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 13:31–37
Ogston CW, Jonak GJ, Rogler CE, Astrin SM, Summers J (1982) Cloning and structural analysis of integrated woodchuck hepatitis virus sequences from hepatocellular carcinomas of woodchucks. Cell 29:385–394
Ohbayashi A (1976) Genetic and familial aspects of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Okuda K, Peters RL (eds) Hepatocellular carcinoma. Wiley, New York, pp 43–51
Ohno Y, Shiga J, Machinami R (1990) A histopathological analysis of five cases of adenomatous hyperplasia containing minute hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Pathol Jpn 40:267–278
Okamoto H, Tsuda F, Mayumi M (1987) Defective mutants of hepatitis B virus in the circulation of symptom-free carriers. Jpn J Exp Med 54:217–221
Okamoto T, Katada T, Murayama Y, Ui M, Ogata E, Nishimoto I (1990) A simple structure encodes G protein activating function of the IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor. Cell 62:709–717
Okubo K, Nakamura T, Tokino T, Matsubara K (1990) Different type of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA integrants that may reflect the integration process. Gastroenterol Jpn 25 [Suppl 2]:23–30
Pasquinelli C, Garreau F, Bougueleret L, Cariani E, Grzeschik KH, Thiers V, Croissant O, Hadchouel M, Tiollais P, Brechot C (1988) Rearrangement of a common cellular DNA domain on chromosome 4 in human primary liver tumors. J Virol 62:629–632
Pasquinelli C, Bhavani K, Chisari FV (1992) Multiple oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are structurally and functionally intact during hepatocarcinogenesis in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice. Cancer Res 52:2823–2829
Peters RL (1976) Pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma: In: Okuda K, Peters RL (eds) Hepatocellular carcinoma. Wiley New York, pp 107–168
Pinhasi-Kimki O, Michalovitz D, Ben-Zeev A, Oren M (1986) Specific interaction between the p53 cellular tumor antigen and major heat shock proteins. Nature 320:182–185
Popper H, Roth L, Purcell R, Tennant BC, Gerin JL (1987) Hepatocarcinogenicity of the woodchuck hepatitis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:866–870
Rao C, Castronovo V, Schmitt MC, Wewer U, Claysmith A, Liotta LA, Sobel M (1989) Evidence for a precursor of the high-affinity metastasis associated murine laminin receptor. Biochemistry 28:7476–7486
Rechler M, Mad S, Nissley P (1985) The nature and regulation of the receptors for insulin-like growth factors. Annu Rev Physiol 47:425–442
Reich R, Thompson E, Iwamoto Y, Martin GR, Deason JR, Fuller GC, Miskin R (1988) Effects of inhibitors of plasminogen activator, serine proteinases, and collagenase IV on the invasion of basement membranes by metastatic cells. Cancer Res 48:3307–3312
Resnick RH, Stone K, Antonioli D (1983) Primary hepatocellular carcinoma following non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 28:908–911
Reynolds HR, Stowers SJ, Maronpot RR, Anderson MW, Aaronson SA (1986) Detection and identification of activated oncogenes in spontaneously occurring benign and malignant hepatocellular tumors in the B6C3F1 mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:33–37
Reynolds SH, Stowers SJ, Patterson RM, Maronpot RR, Aaronson SA, Anderson MW (1987) Activated oncogenes in B6C3F1 mouse liver tumors: implications of risk assessment. Science 237:1309–1316
Richmond RE, Pereira MA, Carter JH, Long RE (1988) Quantitative and qualitative immunohistochemical detection ofmyc andsrc oncogene proteins in normal, nodule and neoplastic liver. J Histochem Cytochem 36:179–184
Rogler CE, Summers J (1982) Novel form of woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA isolated from chronically infected woodchuck liver nuclei. J Virol 44:852–863
Rogler CE, Summers J (1984) Cloning and structural analysis of integrated woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA sequences from a chronically infected liver. J Virol 50:832–837
Rogler CE, Sherman M, Su CY, Shafritz DA, Summers J, Shows TB, Henderson A, Kew M (1985) Deletion in chromosome 11p associated with a hepatitis B integration site in hepatocellular carcinoma. Science 230:319–322
Ryan AJ, O’Conner P, Billett MA (1988) Increased oncogene expression in livers of rats after exposure to dimethylnitrosamine. Biochem Soc Trans 16:1058–1059
Sakamoto M, Hirohashi S, Tsuda H, Ino Y, Shimosato Y, Yamasaki S, Makuuchi M, Hasegawa H, Terada M, Hosoda Y (1988) Increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma possibly associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis in Japan, disclosed by hepatitis B virus DNA analysis of surgically resected cases. Cancer Res 15:7294–7297
Sakamoto M, Hirohashi S, Shimosato Y (1991) Early stages of multistep hepatocarcinogenesis: adenomatous hyperplasia and early hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Pathol 22:172–178
Sandgren EP, Quaife CJ, Pinkert CA, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL (1989) Oncogene induced liver neoplasia in transgenic mice. Oncogene 4:715–724
Schirmacher P, Held WA, Yang D, Biempica L, Rogler CE (1991) Selective amplification of periportal transitional cells precedes formation of hepatocellular carcinoma in SV40 large Tag transgenic mice. Am J Pathol 139:231–241
Schirmacher P, Held WA, Chisari FV, Rustum Y, Wang H-P, Yang D, Rogler CE (1992 a) Reactivation of insulinlike growth factor-II during hepatocarcinogenesis in transgenic mice suggests a role in malignant growth. Cancer Res 52:2549–2556
Schirmacher P, Geerts A, Pietrangelo A, Dienes HP, Rogler CE (1992 b) Hepatocyte growth factor/hepatopoietin A is expressed in fat-storing cells from rat liver but not myofibroblast like cells derived from fat-storing cells. Hepatology 15:5–11
Schlicht H-J, Esser A, Bartenschlager R, Galle P, Kuhn C, Nassal M, Niepmann M, Radziwill G, Schaller H (1989) Unravelling the life cycle of hepatitis B viruses. In: Bannasch P, Keppler D, Weber G (eds) Liver cell carcinoma. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 79–91
Schreiber A, Winkler HE, Derynck R (1986) Transforming growth factor-α is a more potent angiogenic mediator than epidermal growth factor. Science 232:2228–2232
Schröder CM, Zentgraf H (1990) Hepatitis B virus related hepatocellular carcinoma: chronicity of infection the opening to different pathways of malignant transformation. Biochem Biophys Acta 1032:137–156
Schuermann M, Neuberg M, Hunter JB, Jennwein T, Ryseck R-P, Bravo R, Müller R (1989) The leucine repeat motif infos protein mediates complex formation with jun/AP-1 and is required for transformation. Cell 56:507–516
Seeger C, Baldwin B, Hornbuckle WE, Yeager AE, Tennant BC, Cote P, Ferrell L, Ganem D, Varmus HE (1991) Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus is a more efficient oncogenic agent than ground squirrel hepatitis virus in a common host. J Virol 65:1673–1679
Seifer M, Höhne M, Schaefer S, Gerlich WH (1991) In vitro tumorigenicity of hepatitis B virus DNA and Hbx protein. J Hepatol 13:S61-S65
Seki S, Sakaguchi H, Kawakita N, Yanai A, Kim K, Mizoguchi Y, Kobayashi K (1990) Identification and fine structure of proliferating hepatocytes in malignant and nonmalignant liver diseases by use of a monoclonal antibody against DNA polymerase alpha. Hum Pathol 21:1020–1030
Sell S, Hunt JM, Knoll BJ, Dunsford HA (1987) Cellular events during hepatogenesis in rats and the question of premalignancy. Adv Cancer Res 48:37–111
Sepulveda AR, Finegold MJ, Smith B, Slagle BL, DeMayo JL, Shen RF, Woo SL, Butel JS (1989) Development of a transgenic mouse system for the analysis of stages in liver carcinogenesis using tissue-specific expression of SV-40 large T-antigen controlled by regulatory elements of the human alpha-1-antitrypsin gene. Cancer Res 49:6108–6117
Seto E, Yen TS, Peterlin BM, Ou JM (1988) Trans-activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by the hepatitis B virus X protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:8286–8290
Seto E, Mitchell PJ, Yen TSB (1990) Transactivation by the hepatitis B virus X protein depends on AP-2 and other transcription factors. Nature 344:72–74
Sever CE, Locker J (1991) Expression of retinoic acid alpha and beta receptor genes in liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 4:138–144
Shapiro ET, Bell GI, Polonsky KS, Rubenstein AH, Kew MC, Tager HS (1990) Tumor hypoglycemia: relationship to high molecular weight insulin-like growth factor-II. J Clin Invest 85:1672–1679
Shih C, Burke K, Chou M-J, Zeldis JB, Yang CS, Lee CS, Isselbacher KJ, Wands JR, Goodman HM (1987) Tight clustering of human hepatitis B virus integration sites in hepatomas near a triple-stranded region. J Virol 61:3491–3498
Shimoyama Y, Hirohashi S (1991) Cadherin intercellular adhesion molecule in hepatocellular carcinomas: loss of E-cadherin expression in an undifferentiated carcinoma. Cancer Lett 57:131–135
Shirakata Y, Kawada M, Fujiki Y, Sano H, Oda M, Yaginuma K, Kobayashi M, Koike K (1989) The X gene of hepatitis B virus induced growth stimulation and tumorigenic transformation of mouse NIH3T3 cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 80:617–621
Sinha S, Webber C, Marshall LJ, Knowles MA, Proctor A, Barras NC, Neal GE (1988) Activation ofras oncogene in aflatoxininduced rat liver carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:3673–3677
Slagle BL, Zhou YZ, Butel JS (1991) Hepatitis B virus integration event in human chromosome 17p near the p53 gene identifies the region of the chromosome commonly deleted in virus-positive hepatocellular carcinomas. Cancer Res 51:49–54
Soares MB, Ishii DN, Efstratiadis A (1985) Development and tissue-specific expression of a family of transcripts related to rat insulin-like growth factor II mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 14:1129–1134
Sogaard PE (1981) Nodular transformation of the liver, alphafetoprotein, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Pathol 12:1052
Spandau DF, Lee CH (1988) Trans-activation of viral enhancers by the hepatitis B virus X protein. J Virol 62:427–434
Sprengel R, Kaleta EF, Will H (1988) Isolation and characterization of a hepatitis B virus endemic in herons. J Virol 62:3832–3839
Srivastava S, Zou Z, Pirollo K, Blattner W, Chang EH (1990) Germ-line transmission of a mutated p53 gene in a cancer prone family with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. Nature 348:747–749
Steeg PS, Bevilacqua G, Kopper L, Thorgeirsson UP, Talmadge JE, Liotta LA, Sobel ME (1988) Evidence for a novel gene associated with low tumor metastatic potential. J Natl Cancer Inst 80:200–204
Strom SC, Faust JB (1990) Oncogene activation and hepatocarcinogenesis. Pathobiology 58:153–167
Stromeyer FW, Ishak KG (1981) Nodular transformation (nodular “regenerative” hyperplasia) of the liver. Hum Pathol 12:60–70
Summers J, Smolec JM, Snyder R (1978) A virus similar to human hepatitis B virus associated with hepatitis and hepatoma in woodchucks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:4533–4537
Szmuness W (1978) Hepatocellular carcinoma and the hepatitis B virus: evidence for causal association. Prog Med Virol 24:40–69
Takada S, Koike K (1989) Activated N-ras gene was found in human hepatoma tissue but only in a small fraction of tumor cells. Oncogene 4:189–193
Takada S, Koike K (1990) Trans-activation function of 3′-truncated X gene as an X-cell fusion product from integrated hepatitis B virus DNA in chronic hepatitis tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:5628–5632
Takada S, Gotoh Y, Hayashi S, Yoshida M, Koike K (1990) Structural rearrangement of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA as well as cellular flanking DNA is present in chronically infected hepatic tissues. J Virol 64:822–828
Takayama T, Makuuchi M, Hirohashi S, Sakamoto M, Okazaki N, Takayasu Y, Kosuge T, Motoo Y, Yamazaki S, Hasegawa H (1990) Malignant transformation of adenomatous hyperplasia to hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 336:1150–1153
Tashiro F, Morimura S, Hayashi K, Makino R, Kawanura H, Horikoshi N, Nemoto K, Ohtsubo K, Sugimura T, Weno Y (1986) Expression of the c-Ha-ras and c-myc genes in aflatoxin Bl-induced hepatocellular carcinomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 138:858–864
Templeton NS, Brown PD, Levy AT, Margulies IMK, Liotta LA, Stetler-Stevenson WG (1990) Cloning and characterization of human tumor cell interstitial collagenase. Cancer Res 50:5431–5437
Thorgeirsson UP, Liotta LA, Kalebic T, Marguiles IM, Thomas K, Rios-Calderone M, Russo RG (1982) Effect of natural protease inhibitors and a chemoattractant on tumor cell invasionin vitro. J Natl Cancer Inst69:1049–1054
Tokino T, Fukushige S, Nakamura T, Nagaya T, Murotsu T, Shiga K, Aoki N, Matsubara K (1987) Chromosomal translocation and inverted duplication associated with integrated hepatitis B virus in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Virol 61:3848–3854
Torimura T, Ueno T, Inuzuka S, Tanaka M, Abe H, Tanikawa K (1991) Mechanism of fibrous capsule formation surrounding hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunohistochemical study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115:365–371
Treinin M, Laub O (1987) Identification of a promoter element located upstream from the hepatitis B virus gene. Mol Cell Biol 7:545–548
Tsuda H, Hirohashi S, Shimosato Y, Terada M, Hasegawa H (1988) Clonal origin of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the liver and clonal identity with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 95:1664–1666
Tsuda H, Zhang WD, Shimosato Y, Yokota J, Terada M, Sugimura T, Miyamura T, Hirohashi S (1990) Allele loss on chromosome 16 associated with progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:6791–6794
Twu JS, Schloemer RH (1987) Transcriptional trans-activating function of hepatitis B virus. J Virol 61:3448–3453
Twu JS, Rosen CA, Haseltine WA, Robinson WS (1989) Identification of a region within the human immunodeficiency virus type I long terminal repeat that is essential for transactivation by the hepatitis B virus gene X. J Virol 63:2857–2860
Uneo T, Takahashi K, Matsuguchi T, Ikejiri K, Endo H, Yamamoto M (1988) Reactivation of rat insulin-like growth factor II gene during hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 9:1779–1783
Vorce RL, Goodman JI (1989) Hypomethylation of ras oncogenes in chemically induced and spontaneous B6C3F1 mouse liver tumors. J Mol Toxicol 2:99–116
Wada K, Kondo F, Kondo Y (1988) Large regenerative nodules and dysplastic nodules in cirrhotic livers: a histopathological study. Hepatology 6:1684–1688
Walker GJ, Hayward NK, Falvey S, Cooksley WG (1991) Loss of somatic heterozygosity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 51:4367–4370
Wang HP, Rogler CE (1988) Deletions in chromosome arms 11p and 13q in primary hepatocellular carcinomas. Cytogenet Cell Genet 48:72–78
Wang HP, Rogler CE (1991) Topoisomerase I-mediated integration of hepadnavirus DNA in vitro. J Virol 65:2381–2392
Wang J, Chenivesse X, Henglein B, Brechot C (1990) Hepatitis B virus-integration in a cyclin A gene in a hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature 348:555–557
Watanabe S, Okita K, Harada T, Kodama T, Numa Y, Takemoto T, Takahashi M (1983) Morphologic studies of the liver cell dysplasia. Cancer 51:2197–2205
Weidner KM, Arakaki N, Hartmann G, Vandekerckhove J, Weinhart S, Rieder H, Fonatsch C, Tsubouchi H, Hishida T, Daikuhara Y, Birchmeier W (1991) Evidence for the identity of human scatter factor and human hepatocyte growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:7001–7005
Weinberg RA (1991) Tumor suppressor genes. Science 254:1138–1146
Weinberg AG, Mize CE, Worthan HG (1976) The occurrence of hepatoma in the chronic form of hereditary tyrosinaemia. J Pediatr 88:434–438
Wilkinson ML, Portmann B, Williams R (1983) Wilson’s disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: possible protective role of copper. Gut 24:767–771
Wiseman RW, Stowers SJ, Miller EC, Anderson MW, Miller JA (1986) Activating mutations of the c-Ha-ras protooncogene in chemically induced hepatomas of the male B6C3F1 mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:5825–5829
Wollersheim M, Debelka U, Hofschneider PH (1988) A transactivating function encoded in the hepatitis B virus X gene is conserved in the integrated state. Oncogene 3:545–552
Wu JY, Zhou Z-Y, Judd A, Cartwright CA, Robinson WS (1990) The hepatitis B virus-encoded transcriptional trans-activator hbx appears to be a novel protein serine/threonine kinase. Cell 63:687–695
Yang DY, Rogler CE (1991) Analysis of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) expression in neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas of woodchucks utilizingin situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Carcinogenesis 12:1893–1901
Yang SS, Zhang K, Viera W, Taub JV, Zeilstra-Ryalls JH, Sommerville RL (1990) A human hepatocellular carcinoma 3.0 kilobase DNA sequence transforms both rat liver cells and NIH3T3 fibroblasts and encodes a 52 kilodalton protein. Cancer Res 50:S5658-S5667.
Yang D, Schirmacher P, Held WA, Rogler CE (1991) Growth factors, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and carcinogenic mechanisms in the liver. In: Hollinger FB, Lemon SM, Margolis HS (eds) Viral hepatitis and liver disease. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 547–556
Yeh YC, Tsai JF, Chuang LY, Yeh MW, Tsai JH, Florine DL, Tarn JP (1987) Elevation of transforming growth factor α and its relationship to the epidermal growth factor and α-fetoprotein levels in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 47:896–901
Yu MC, Tong MJ, Coursaget P, Ross RK, Govindarajan S, Henderson BE (1990) Prevalence of hepatitis B and C viral markers in black and white patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:1038–1041
Zhou YZ, Slagle BL, Donehower LA, Van Tuinen PV, Ledbetter DH, Butel JS (1988) Structural analysis of hepatitis B virus genome integrated into chromosome 17p of an human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Virol 62:4224–4231
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schirmacher, P., Rogler, C.E. & Dienes, H.P. Current pathogenetic and molecular concepts in viral liver carcinogenesis. Virchows Archiv B Cell Pathol 63, 71–89 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02899246
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02899246