Skip to main content
Log in

Competition among fungi

  • Published:
The Botanical Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Conclusion

Competition among members of the microflora leads the investigator into many strange and diverse by-paths. Microorganisms in their metabolism give off by-products, many of which are inhibitory in nature; some have stimulatory effects. These products and activities properly controlled will give us much insight into the proper care of cultures, a natural and effective method of controlling some diseases and, possibly, chemical products of economic value.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Allen, M. C., And Haenseler, C. M. Antagonistic action onRhizoctonia and other soil fungi. Phytopath.25: 244–252. 1935.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Arrillaga, J. G. The nature of inhibition between certain fungi parasitic on citrus. Phytopath.25: 763–775. 1935.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Asthana, R. P. Antagonism in fungi as a measure of control in “red-leg” disease of lettuce. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.4: 201–207. 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Baker, Sarah M. Note on a new treatment for silver-leaf disease in fruit trees. Ann. Bot.27: 172. 1913.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bamberg, R. H. Bacteria antibiotic toUstilago zeae. Phytopath.21: 881–890. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Barnum, Clyde C. The production of substances toxic to plants byPenicillium expansum Link. Phytopath.14: 238–243. 1924.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bisby, G. R. Studies onFusarium diseases of potatoes and truck crops in Minnesota. Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.181: 1–47. 1919.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Boyle, C. Studies in the physiology of parasitism. X. The growth reactions of certain fungi to their staling products. Ann. Bot.38: 113–135. 1924.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Brandes, E. W. Banana wilt. Phytopath.9: 339–390. 1919.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Broadfoot, W. C. Studies on foot and root rot of wheat. I. Effect of age of the wheat plant upon the development of foot and root rot. Canad. Jour. Res.8: 483–491. 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  11. —. Studies on foot and root rot of wheat. II. Cultural relationships on solid media of certain microorganisms in association withOphiobolus graminis Sacc. Canad. Jour. Res.8: 545–552. 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Brodie, H. J. The occurrence in nature of mutual aversion between mycelium of hymenomycetous fungi. Canad. Jour. Res.13: 187–189. 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Brown, William. Studies in the physiology of parasitism. I. The action ofBotrytis cinerea. Ann. Bot.29: 313–348. 1915.

    Google Scholar 

  14. —. Studies in the physiology of parasitism. IV. On the distribution of cytase in cultures ofBotrytis cinerea. Ann. Bot.31: 489–498. 1917.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. —. On the physiology of parasitism. New Phytol.16: 109–127. 1917.

    Google Scholar 

  16. —. On the germination and growth of fungi at various temperatures and in various conditions of oxygen and of carbon dioxide. Ann. Bot.36: 257–283. 1922.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. —. Studies in the physiology of parasitism. IX. The effect on the germination of fungal spores of volatile substances arising from plant tissues. Ann. Bot.36: 285–300. 1922.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. —. Experiments on the growth of fungi on culture media. Ann. Bot.37: 105–129. 1923.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. —. Studies in the genusFusarium. II. An analysis of factors which determine the growth-forms of certain strains. Ann. Bot.39: 373–408. 1925.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Caley, D. M. The phenomenon of mutual aversion between monospore mycelia of the same fungus (Diaporthe perniciosa Marchal), with a discussion on sex heterothallism in fungi. Jour. Genetics13: 353–370. 1923.

    Google Scholar 

  21. —. The inheritance of the capacity for showing mutual aversion between monospore mycelia ofDiaporthe perniciosa Marchal. Jour. Genetics24: 1–63. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Carter, J. Cedric. Diffusible nature of the inhibitory agent produced by fungi. Phytopath.25: 1031–1035. 1935.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Chambers, W. H. Studies on the physiology of fungi. XI. Bacterial inhibition by metabolic products. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.7: 249–289. 1920.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Christensen, J. J. Association of microorganisms in relation to seedling injury arising from infected seed. Phytopath.26: 1091–1106. 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Clark, J. F. On the toxic effect of deleterious agents on the germination and development of certain filamentous fungi. Bot. Gaz.28: 289–327; 378–404. 1899.

    Google Scholar 

  26. —. On the toxic properties of some copper compounds with special reference to Bordeaux mixture. Bot. Gaz.33: 26–48. 1900.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Clayton, E. E. Relation of the toxin produced byBacterium tabacum to the pathogenicity and host range of this organism. Phytopath.23: 6. 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Cook, Melville T. Succession of fungi on culture media. Amer. Jour. Bot.11: 94–99. 1924.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Cooley, J. S. A study of the physiological relations ofSclerotinia cinerea (Bon) Schroter. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.1: 291–326. 1914.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Crabill, C. H. Dimorphism inConiothyrium pirinum Sheldon. Amer. Jour. Bot.2: 449–467. 1915.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Currie, James. The citric acid fermentation ofAspergillus niger. Jour. Biol. Chem.31: 15–37. 1917.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. —,And Thom, Chas. An oxalic acid-producingPenicillium. Jour. Biol. Chem.22: 287–293. 1915.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Daines, R. H. Antagonistic action ofTrichoderma onActinomyces scabies andRhizoctonia solani. Amer. Potato Jour.14: 85–93. 1937.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Davis, Ray J. Studies onOphiobolus graminis Sacc. and the take-all disease of wheat. Jour. Agr. Res.31: 801–825. 1925.

    Google Scholar 

  35. DeBary, A. Die Erscheinungen der Symbiose. 1879.

  36. Dodge, B. O. The life history ofAscobolus magnificus. Origin of the ascocarp from two strains. Mycologia12: 115–134. 1920.

    Google Scholar 

  37. —. Heterothallism and hypothetical hormones inNeurospora. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club58: 517–522. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Dox, A. W. The intracellular enzymes of the lower fungi especially those ofPenicillium camberti. Jour. Biol. Chem.6: 461–467. 1909.

    Google Scholar 

  39. -. The intracellular enzymes ofPenicillium andAspergillus with special reference to those ofPenicillium camberti. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Anim. Indus. Bull. 120. 1910.

  40. —. Autolysis of mold cultures. II. Jour. Biol. Chem.16: 479–484. 1913.

    Google Scholar 

  41. —,And Maynard, L. Autolysis of mold cultures. Jour. Biol. Chem.12: 227–231. 1912.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Edson, H. A. Acid production byRhizopus tritici in decaying sweet potatoes. Jour. Agr. Res.25: 9–12. 1923.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Elliott, John A. Taxonomic characters of the generaAlternaria andMacrosporium. Amer. Jour. Bot.4: 439–476. 1917.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Elmer, O. H. Growth inhibition of potato sprouts by the volatile products of apples. Science75: 193. 1932.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Endo, S. Studies on the antagonism of microorganisms. I. Growth ofHypochnus centrifugus (Liv.) Tul. as influenced by the antagonistic action of other microorganisms. Miyazaki Coll. Agr. & For. Bull.3: 95–118. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  46. —. Studies on the antagonism of microorganisms. II. Growth ofHypochnus sasakii Shirai as influenced by the antagonistic action of other microorganisms. Miyazaki Coll. Agr. & For. Bull.4: 133–158. 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  47. — Studies on the antagonism of microorganisms. III. Pathogenicity ofHypochnus centrifugus (Liv.) Tul. andHypochnus sasakii Shirai in the presence of other microorganisms. Miyazaki Coll. Agr. & For. Bull.4: 159–184. 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Errera, Leo. On the cause of physiological action at a distance. Ann. Bot.6: 373–375. 1892.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Fahmy, T. The production byFusarium solani of a toxic excretory substance capable of causing wilting in plants. Phytopath.13: 543–550. 1923.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Fawcett, H. S. The importance of investigations on the effect of known mixtures of microorganisms. Phytopath.21: 545–550. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  51. -,and Lee, H. A. Citrus diseases and their control. 1926.

  52. Fleming, W. E. The relation of fungi to the numbers of bacteria in the soil. Soil Sci.19: 301–307. 1925.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Fred, E. B., And Loomis, N. E. Influence of hydrogen-ion concentration of medium on the reproduction of alfalfa bacteria. Jour. Bact2: 629–633. 1917.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Frost, W. D. The antagonism exhibited by certain saprophytic bacteria againstBacillus typhosus Gaffky. Jour. Infect. Dis.1: 599–640. 1904.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Fulton, H. R. Decline ofPseudomonas citri in the soil. Jour. Agr. Res.19: 207–223. 1920.

    Google Scholar 

  56. —. Chemotropism of fungi. Bot. Gaz.41: 81–108. 1908.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Gortner, Ross Aiken, And Blakeslee, A. F. Observations on the toxins ofRhizopus nigricans. Amer. Jour. Phys.34: 353–367. 1914.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Gillespie, L. J. The growth of the potato scab organism at various hydrogen-ion concentrations as related to the comparative freedom of acid soils from the potato scab. Phytopath.8: 257–269. 1918.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Gioelli, F. Fenomeni di antagonismo tra “Penicilliumdigitatum” (Pers.) Sacc. e “Penicilliumitalicum” Weber. Ann. di Bot.20: 327–346. 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Greaney, F. J., And Machacek, J. E. Studies on the control of root-rot diseases of cereals caused byFusarium culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc. andHelminthosporium sativum P., K., and B. II. Pathogenicity ofHelminthosporium sativum as influenced byCephalothecium roseum Corda in green house pot tests. Scient. Agr.15: 377–386. 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Greig-Smith, R. The action of certain organisms upon the numbers of bacteria in the soil. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.42: 162–166. 1917.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Haenseler, C. M. The effect of salt proportions and concentration on the growth ofAspergillus niger. Amer. Jour. Bot.8: 147–163. 1921.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. —,And Allen, M. C. The control of fungi. Science79: 6. 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Hall, Muriel P. An analysis of the factors controlling the growth form of certain fungi, with special reference toSclerotinia (Monilia) fructigena. Ann. Bot.47: 543–578. 1933.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Harter, L. L., And Weimer, J. L. A comparison of the pectinase produced by different species ofRhizopus. Jour. Agr. Res.22: 371–377. 1921.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Harvey, H. W. The action of poisons uponChlamydomonas and other vegetable cells. Ann. Bot.23: 181–187. 1909.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Haskel, R. J. Fusarium wilt of potato in the Hudson River Valley, New York. Phytopath.9: 223–260. 1919.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Hawkins, Lon A. Some effects of the brown-rot fungus upon the composition of the peach. Amer. Jour. Bot.2: 71–81. 1915.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Haymaker, H. H. Relationship of toxic excretory products from two strains ofFusarium lycopersici Sacc. to tomato wilt. Jour. Agr. Res.36: 697–719. 1928.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Hein, Illo. Studies on morphogenesis in fungous mycelia. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club55: 513–528. 1928.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Henry, A. W. The natural microflora of the soil in relation to the foot-rot problem of wheat. Canad. Jour. Res.4: 69–77. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  72. —. Occurrence and sporulation ofHelminthosporium sativum P. K. B. in the soil. Canad. Jour. Res.5: 407–413. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Higgins, B. B. Physiology and parasitism ofSclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Phytopath.17: 417–448. 1927.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Hill, Samuel E. The influence of molds on the growth of luminous bacteria in relation to the hydrogen-ion concentration, together with the development of a satisfactory culture method. Biol. Bull.55: 140–150. 1928.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Holman, W. L., And Meekison, D. M. Gas production by bacterial synergism. Jour. Infect. Dis.39: 145–172. 1926.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Hopkins, E. F. Hydrogen-ion concentration in its relation to wheat scab. Amer. Jour. Bot.9: 159–179. 1922.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. — The effect of lactic acid on spore production byColletotrichum lindemuthianum. Phytopath.12: 390–393. 1922.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Hoppe, Paul E. Intraspecific and interspecific aversion inDiplodia. Jour. Agr. Res.53: 671–680. 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Hunter, O. W. The production of a growth promoting substance byAzotobacter. Jour. Agr. Res.23: 825–831. 1923.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hursh, C. R. Sur la toxicité des milieux de culture de champignons phytopathogènes vis-à-vis des plantes. Rev. Path. Vég. et Entom. Agr.12: 137–141. 1925.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Johnson, Delia. The antibiosis of certain bacteria to smuts and some other fungi. Phytopath.21: 843–863. 1931.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Johnson, Harlan W. Relation between hydrogen-ion, hydroxyl-ion and salt concentrations and the growth of seven soil molds. Iowa State Col. Agr. Res. Bull. 76. 1923.

  83. Jones, L. R. The bacterial soft rot of certain vegetables. II. Pectinase, the cytolytic enzyme produced byBacillus carotovorus and certain other soft-rot organisms. Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 147: 281–360. 1910.

    Google Scholar 

  84. King, C. J., And Loomis, H. F. Further studies of cotton root-rot in Arizona with a description of aSclerotium stage of the fungus. Jour. Agr. Res.39: 641–677. 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Kunkel, O. The influence of starch, peptone, and sugars on the toxicity of various nitrates toMonilia sitophila. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club40: 625–639. 1913.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Lee, Atherton. The toxic substance produced by the eye-spot fungus of sugar cane,Helminthosporium sacchari Butler. Plant Physiol.4: 193–212. 1929.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. —,And Martin, J. P. Effect of fertilizer constituents on the eye-spot disease of sugar cane. Jour. Ind. Eng. Chem.20: 220–224. 1928.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Lewis, I. M. The inhibition ofPhytomonas malvaceara in culture media containing sugars. Jour. Bact.19: 423–433. 1930.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Lipman, Chas. B. Toxic and antagonistic effects of salts as related to ammonification byBacillus subtilis. Bot. Gaz.48: 105–125. 1909.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Lutz, C. Über den Einfluss gebrauchter Nahrlösungen auf Keimung und Entwicklung einiger Schimmelpilze. Ann. Myc.7: 91–133. 1909.

    Google Scholar 

  91. McCormick, F. A. Perithecia ofThielavia basicola Zopf. in culture, and the Stimulation of their production by extracts from other fungi. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 269. 1925.

  92. Machacek, J. E. Studies on the association of certain phytopathogens. Quebec Soc. for the protection of plants20: 16–23. 1927–1928. (20th Ann. Rep.)

    Google Scholar 

  93. -. Studies on the association of certain phytopathogens. Tech. Bull. No. 7. Macdonald College, McGill Univ. 1928.

  94. Mallmann, W. L., And Hamstreet, Carl. Isolation of an inhibitory substance from plants. Jour. Agr. Res.28: 599–602. 1924.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Manns, T. F. The blade-blight of oats, a bacterial disease. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 210. 1909.

  96. Marloth, Raimund H. The influence of hydrogen-ion concentration and of sodium bicarbonate and related substances onPenicillium italicum andP. digitatum. Phytopath.21: 169–198. 1931.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Martin, W. H. Influence of soil moisture and acidity on the development of potato scab. Soil Sci.16: 69–73. 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Masera, A. The phenomena of antagonism and antibiosis betweenBac. prodigiosus Flugge andBeauveria bassiana Vuill. Ann. Sper. Agr.15: 117–150. 1934. (R. A. M.14(6): 361. 1935.)

    Google Scholar 

  99. May, O. E., Moyes, A. J., Wells, P. A., And Herrick, H. T. The production of kojic acid byAspergillus flavus. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc.53: 774–782. 1931.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Meacham, Merle R. Note upon the hydrogen-ion concentration necessary to inhibit the growth of four wood-destroying fungi. Science48: 499–500. 1918.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Millard, W. A., And Taylor, G. B. Antagonism of microorganisms as a controlling factor in the inhibition of scab by green manuring. Ann. Appl. Biol.14: 202. 1927.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Mockeridge, Florence A. The formation of plant growth promoting substances by microorganisms. Ann. Bot.38: 723–734. 1924.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Molliard, M. Sur une nouvelle fermentation acid produite par leSterigmatocystis niger. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.174: 881–883. 1922.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. —. Sur les relations existant entre les divers acides organiques élaborés par leSterigmatocystis niger. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.192: 313–315. 1931.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Moreau, Fernand, etMoruzi, Mille C. Researches expérimentales sur la formation des peritheces chez les “Neurospora.” Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.192: 1476–1478. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Mounce, I. The biology ofFomes pinicola (S. W.) Cooke. Studies in forest pathology. Canad. Dept. Agr. Bull. 111. 1929.

  107. Nakata, K. Studies onSclerotium rolfsii Sacc.I. The phenomena of aversion and its relation to biologic forms of the fungus. Bull. Scienca d. l. Fakultata Terkulturen Kjusu Imp. Univ.1(4): 177–190. 1925.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Newcombe, F. C. Cellulose enzymes. Ann. Bot.13: 49–81. 1899.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Penfold, W. J. On the nature of bacterial lag. Jour. Hyg.14: 215–241. 1914.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Plakidas, A. G. Pythium root-rot of strawberry in Louisiana. Phytopath.20: 121–122. 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Porter, C. L. Concerning the character of certain fungi as exhibited by their growth in the presence of other fungi. Amer. Jour. Bot.11: 168–188. 1924.

    Google Scholar 

  112. —. Phenomena exhibited by fungi when grown in close proximity. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci.34: 259–260. 1924 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  113. -. The sequence of phenomena in the inhibition of fungi. Abstract of a paper presented before the meeting of The American Soc. of Plant Physiologists, Dec, 1930.

  114. —. Mixed cultures of bacteria and fungi. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci.41: 149–152. 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  115. —. Fungus growth as affected by bacterial contaminations. Paper read before the Mycological Society of America, A. A. A. S., St. Louis, Dec, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Pratt, Clara A. The staling of fungal cultures. I. General and chemical investigation of staling byFusarium. Ann. Bot.38: 563–595. 1924.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. — The staling of fungal cultures. II. The alkaline metabolic products and their effect on the growth of fungal spores. Ann. Bot.38: 599–615. 1924.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Rahn, Otto. Ueber den Einfluss der Stoffwechselprodukte auf das Wachstum der Bakterien. Centralbl. Bakt. II.16: 417–429, 609–617. 1908.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Raistrick, Harold, And Clark, Anne Barbara. On the mechanism of oxalic acid formation byAspergillus niger. Biochem. Jour.13: 329–344. 1919.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Reed, H. S. The enzyme activity in certain fruit diseases. Ann. Rept. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. 1911–1912: 51–77. 1912.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Reid, Roger D. Some observations on the ability of a mold, or its metabolic products, to inhibit bacterial growth. Jour. Bact.27: 28. 1934.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. —. Some properties of a bacterial-inhibitory substance produced by a mold. Jour. Bact.29: 215–221. 1935.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Reynolds, E. S., And Miller, B. S. Bean extracts in relation toColletotrichum lindemuthianum. Phytopath.21: 124. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Rosen, H. R. Efforts to determine the means by which the cotton wilt fungus,Fusarium vasinfectum induces wilting. Jour. Agr. Res.33: 1143–1147. 1926.

    Google Scholar 

  125. —,And Shaw, Luther. Studies onSclerotium rolfsii with special reference to the metabolic interchanges between soil inhabitants. Jour. Agr. Res.39: 41–61. 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Sanborn, J. R. Physiological studies of accessory and stimulating factors in certain media. Jour. Bact.12: 1–12. 1926.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Sanford, G. B. Some factors affecting the pathogenicity ofActinomyces scabies. Phytopath.16: 525–547. 1926.

    Google Scholar 

  128. —. Some microbiological aspects of plant pathology. Sci. Agr.13: 538–541. 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  129. —,And Broadfoot, W. C. A note on the biological control of root-rot of cereals. Sci. Agr.11: 460. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  130. ——. Studies on the effect of other soil-inhabiting microorganisms on the virulence ofOphiobolus graminis Sacc. Sci. Agr.11: 512–529. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  131. ——,And Broadfoot, W. C.. On the prevalence of pathogenic forms ofHelminthosporium sativum andFusarium culmorum in the soil of wheat fields and its relation to the root rot problem. Canad. Jour. Res.10: 264–274. 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Satoh, S. Studies on the effects of nutrient solutions utilized byOphiobolus miyabeanus on the germination and development of another fungus. Forsch. auf dem Geb. der Pflantzenkrankh.1: 71–83. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Savastano, Giulio, And Fawcett, Howard. A study of decay in citrus fruits produced by inoculations with known mixtures of fungi at different constant temperatures. Jour. Agr. Res.39: 163–198. 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Schaffrit, Ernst, And Ludlke, Max. Über die Bildung von Toxinen durch verschiedene Pflanzenparasiten. Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges.50: 444–463. 1932

    Google Scholar 

  135. Schelling, Nelly Jacob. Growth stimulation ofAspergillus niger by a vitamine B preparation. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club52: 291–310. 1925.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Schopmeyer, H. H. Production of yeast growth stimulants by molds on various media. Iowa St. Coll. Jour. Sci.6: 471–472. 1932.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Scott, Ira T. Some protein analogies of the mycelium ofFusarium lycopersici. Mo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 92. 1926.

  138. Sherman, J. M., And Shaw, R. H. Associative bacterial action in the propionic acid fermentation. Jour. Gen. Physiol.3: 657–658. 1921.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Sibilia, C. The influence of fungal extracts upon the fructification of parasitic fungi. Boll. R. Stat. Pat. Veg. N. S.8(2): 174–180. 1928.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Smith, E. F. Bacteria in relation to plant diseases.3: 259. 1914.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Smith, Mervin George. The reaction of animals to inoculation with fungus toxins. Unpublished thesis filed in the library of Purdue University. June, 1932.

  142. Smith, Ralph E. The parasitism ofBotrytis cinerea. Bot. Gaz.33: 421–436. 1902.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Smith, T., And Smith, D. E. Inhibitory action of Para typhoid bacilli on the fermentation of lactose byBacillus coli. Jour. Gen. Physiol.3: 21–33. 1920.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Stehle, Katharine Browne. Inhibiting influence of colloidal starch, inulin, and agar on the stimulation ofAspergillus niger by zinc sulphate. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club59: 191–218. 1932.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Steinberg, Robert Aaron. A study of some factors in the chemical stimulation of the growth ofAspergillus niger. Amer. Jour. Bot.6: 330–356, 357–372. 1919.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Stevens, F. L., And Ragle, M. E. The reaction between various races of Sclerotium and other fungi. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc.49: 264–268. 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Tims, E. C. An actinomycete antagonistic to aPythium root parasite of sugar cane. Phytopath.22: 27. 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Uppal, B. N. Toxicity of organic compounds to the spores ofPhytophthora colocasiae Rac. Jour. Agr. Res.32: 1069–1097. 1926.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Vandendries, R. La tetrapolarite sexuelle de pleurotus columbinus. Demonstration photographique d’un tableau de croisements. La Cellule41: (267)-277. 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  150. —. De la valeur du barrage sexual comme criterium dans l’analyse d’une sporée tetrapolaire de basidiomycète:Pleurotus ostreatus. Genetica12: 202–212. 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  151. —,And Brodie, H. J. Nouvelles investigations dans le domaine de la sexualité des basidiomycètes et étude expérimentale des barrages sexuels. La Cellule42: (165)-209. 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Vasudeva, R. S. Studies in the physiology of parasitism. XI. An analysis of the factors underlying specialization of parasitism, with special reference to the fungiBotrytis allii Munn. andMonilia fructigena Pers. Ann. Bot.44: 469–493. 1930.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. —. Studies on the physiology of parasitism. XIII. On the effect of one organism in reducing the parasitic activity of another. Ann. Bot.44: 557–564. 1930.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Waksman, S. A. Importance of mold action in the soil. Soil Sci.6: 137–155. 1918.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. —. Enzymes of microorganisms. (Bibliographic Rev.) (Abst.) Bact.6: 265–299. 1922.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. —. Associative and antagonistic effects of microorganisms: I. Historical review of antagonistic relationships. Soil Sci.43: 51–68. 1937.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. —,And Hutchings, I. J. Associative and antagonistic effects of microorganisms: III. Associative and antagonistic relationships in the decomposition of plant residues. Soil Sci.43: 77–92. 1937.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. —,And Joffe, Jacob S. Studies in the metabolism of Actinomycetes. IV. Changes in reaction as a result of the growth of Actinomycetes upon culture media. Jour. Bact.5: 31–48. 1920.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Walker, J. C., And Lindegren, Carl C. Further studies on the relation of onion scale pigmentation to disease resistance. Jour. Agr. Res.29: 507–514. 1924.

    Google Scholar 

  160. ——,And Bachman, Freda M. Further studies on the toxicity of juice extracted from succulent onion scales. Jour. Agr. Res.30: 175–187. 1925.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Ward, Marshall. Symbiosis. Ann. Bot.13: 549–562. 1899.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Webb, R. W. Germination of the spores of certain fungi in relation to hydrogen-ion concentration. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.6: 201–222. 1919.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. —,And Fellows, Hurley. The growth ofOphiobolus graminis Sacc. in relation to hydrogen-ion concentration. Jour. Agr. Res.33: 845–872. 1926.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Weimer, J. L., And Harter, L. L. Influence of substrate and its hydrogen-ion concentration on pectinase production. Jour. Agr. Res.24: 861–878. 1923.

    Google Scholar 

  165. ——. Hydrogen-ion changes induced by species ofRhizopus and byBotrytis cinerea. Jour. Agr. Res.25: 155–164. 1923.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Weindling, R. Trichoderma lignorum as a parasite of other soil fungi. Phytopath.22: 837–845. 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  167. —. Some factors influencing the character of interaction betweenTrichoderma and other soil fungi. Abstr. in Phytopath.24: 1140–1141. 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  168. —. Various fungi recently found to be parasitic onRhizoctonia solani. Abstr. in Phytopath.24: 1141. 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  169. —. Studies on the lethal principles effective in the parasitic action ofTrichoderma lignorum onRhizoctonia solani and other soil fungi. Phytopath.24: 1153–1179. 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  170. —,And Emerson, O. H. The isolation of a toxic substance from the culture filtrate of Trichoderma. Phytopath.26: 1068–1070. 1936.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. —,And Fawcett, H. S. Experiments in biological control ofRhizoctonia damping-off. Abstr. in Phytopath.24: 1142. 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Weston, W. A., And Dillon, R. The incidence and intensity ofPuccinia glumarum on wheat infected and noninfected withTilletia tritici, showing an apparent relationship between rust and bunt. Ann. Appl. Bid.14: 105–112. 1927.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Wilson, E. E. Effects of fungus extracts upon the initiation and growth of the perithecia ofVenturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. in pure culture. Phytopath.17: 835–836. 1927.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Wiltshire, S. P. A reversibleStemphyllium-Alternaria saltation. Ann. Bot.46: 343–351. 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Winslow, C. E. A., And Lochridge, E. E. The toxic effect of certain acids upon typhoid and colon bacilli in relation to the degree of their dissociation. Jour. Infect. Dis.4: 547–571. 1906.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Wolf, Frederick A., And Shunk, I. V. Tolerance to acids of certain bacterial plant pathogens. Phytopath.11: 244–250. 1921.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Youden, W. J., And Denny, F. E. Factors influencing the pH equilibrium known as the isoelectric point of plant tissue. Amer. Jour. Bot.13: 743–753. 1926.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Young, H. C., And Bennett, C. W. Growth of some parasitic fungi in synthetic culture media. Amer. Jour. Bot.9: 459–469. 1922.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Young, V. H. Some factors affecting inulase formation inAspergillus niger. Plant World21: 75–87, 114–133. 1918.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. —. Toxic substances produced by fungi. Ann. Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci.22: 205–208. 1920.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Zeller, S. M., And Schmitz, H. Studies in the physiology of fungi. VIII. Mixed cultures. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.6: 183–192. 1919.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Porter, C.L., Carter, J.C. Competition among fungi. Bot. Rev 4, 165–182 (1938). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02870112

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02870112

Keywords

Navigation