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Light-dependent anthocyanin synthesis: A model system for the study of plant photomorphogenesis

The Botanical Review volume 51, pages 107–157 (1985)Cite this article

Abstract

The biosynthesis of anthocyanins in plant tissues either requires light or is enhanced by it. Light-dependent anthocyanin synthesis has been extensively used as a model system for studies of the mechanism of photoregulation of plant development. Two components can be distinguished in the action of light on anthocyanin production. The first component is the red-far red reversible, phytochrome-mediated response induced by short irradiations; the amount of anthocyanin formed in response to a single, short irradiation is small. The second component is the response to prolonged exposures; the formation of large amounts of anthocyanin requires prolonged exposures to high fluence rates of visible and near-visible radiation (290 to 750 nm) and shows the typical properties of the “High Irradiance Reaction” (HIR) of plant photomorphogenesis. Phytochrome is involved in the photoregulation of the HIR response and is the only photoreceptor mediating the action of prolonged red and far red irradiations. The response to prolonged ultraviolet and blue radiation is probably mediated, at least in some systems, by two photoreceptors: phytochrome and cryptochrome, the latter being a specific ultraviolet-blue-light photoreceptor. The nature of the interaction between phytochrome and cryptochrome in the regulation of plant photomorphogenic responses is still unclear.

Riassunto

La biosintesi delle antociane nei tessuti vegetali è un processo metabolico regolato dalla luce. Alcune specie formano antociane solo quando sono esposte alla luce. Altre specie possono formare antociane al buio, ma velocità di sintesi e concentrazione finale del pigmento aumentano notevolmente quando l’organismo è esposto alla luce. Lo studio degli effetti della luce sulla biosintesi delle antociane è stato usato estensivamente come un sistema modello per lo studio della photoregolazione dello sviluppo dei vegetali. Nella azione della luce sulla biosintesi delle antociane si possono distinguere due tipi di risposta allo stimolo luminoso. Il primo tipo è la risposta a illuminazioni brevi (pochi minuti), caratterizata dalla fotoreversibilita degli effetti indotti dalla radiazione rossa (R, 600–670 nm) e rosso-estrema (FR, 710–750 nm) ed è mediato dal fitocromo; la quantità di antociane formate in risposta an una breve illuminazione è scarsa. Il secondo tipo è la risposta a illuminazioni prolungate (ore or giorni); la risposta massima per la formazione di antociane richiede esposizioni prolungate ad alte intensité di radiazione nella regione spettrale compresa tra l’ultravioletto vicino e l’estremo rosso (290–750 nm) ed ha le caratteristiche tipiche dei processi fotomorfogenici HIR. Il fitocromo è il fotorecettore responsabile per la fotoregolazione dei processi HIR ed è probabilmente l’unico fotorecettore responsabile per la fotoregolazione della risposta a irradiazioni prolungate con R e FR. La risposta a irradiazioni prolungate con UV e BL è probablimente regolata, in alcune specie, attraverso la cooperazione tra due fotorecettori, fitocromo e criptocromo; quest’ultimo è un fotorecettore specifico per la radiazione UV e BL. L’identità del criptocromo e le caratteristiche dell’interazione tra fitocromo e criptocromo nella fotoregolazione dei processi di sviluppo dei vegetali sono ancora poco conosciute.

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Abbreviations

L:

light

D:

dark

UV:

ultraviolet

UV-A:

320-400 nm

UV-B:

290-320 nm

BL:

blue, 400–480 nm

R:

red, 600–690 nm

FR:

far red, 700–760 nm

HIR:

high irradiance reaction

Pr:

red absorbing form of phytochrome

Pfr:

far red absorbing form of phytochrome

P:

total phytochrome = Pr + Pfr

CMU:

monuron; 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea

DCMU:

diuron; 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea

FMN:

flavinmononucleotide

NF:

Norflurazon (SAN-9789); 4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3-(2H)-pyridazinone

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    Alberto L. Mancinelli

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Mancinelli, A.L. Light-dependent anthocyanin synthesis: A model system for the study of plant photomorphogenesis. Bot. Rev 51, 107–157 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02861059

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