Abstrakt
Die Coniferophyta erreichnen ihren grössen Formenreichtum und die meiste Häufigkeit während des Mesozoikums. Viele frühe Formen sind ausgestorben aus ohne an der Evolution moderner Typen beteiligt zu sein. Jedoch alle noch lebenden Familien der Coniferophyta und eine überaschend grosse Anzahl der heute existierenden Genera lassen sich mit Sicherheit im Mesozoikum nachweisen. Im allgemeinen sind die modernen Familien im später Trias oder im der frühen Jura erkenntlich während gewisse zeitgenössische Genera schon im der mittleren Jura erscheinen. Die Pinaceae scheinen später als andere Familien aufzutreten, sie weisen keine unanfechtbare Vertretung bis vor dem Beginn der Kreidezeit auf, wenngleich Funde von bestimmten Teilstücken aus dem später Trias und der Jura in diese Familie gehören könnten. Moderne Familien der Coniferophyta scheinen etwas früher entstanden zu sein, als man bisher glaubte, und dieses lässt Fragen um ihre Evolution aus dem bekannten Voltziales entstechen. Samenzapfen der letzteren, die grössere Veränderungen aufweisen, als man sie fruher kannte, werden jetzt durch versteinertes Material bekannt. Verschiedenartige abgetrennte Organe, die existierenden Familien nicht zu geschrieben werden können, werden beschrieben und diskutiert, und auf die Bedeutung dieser Fossilienfunde für bestimmte Fragen in der Systematik der Coniferophyta wird hingewiesen.
Abstract
The Coniferophyta attained their greatest diversity and abundance during the Mesozoic Era. Many early forms died out without apparent involvement in the evolution of the modern types. Yet, all living coniferophyte families and a surprising number of their present-day genera are clearly in evidence in the Mesozoic. Generally, modern families are recognizable by the Late Triassic or Early Jurassic while certain contemporary genera make their appearance as early as the Middle Jurassic. The Pinaceae appears to lag behind other families in that it lacks unequivocal representation before the onset of the Cretaceous although certain Late Triassic and Jurassic remains may belong to the family. Modern coniferophyte families appear to have originated somewhat earlier than was formerly believed and this brings to light problems in envisioning their evolution from the known Voltziales. Seed cones of certain of the latter are now known from petrified material which show a greater modification than was formerly known. Various kinds of detached organs that cannot be assigned to existing families are described and discussed and the bearing of the fossil record in certain questions on coniferophyte systematics is evaluated.
Literature Cited
Alvin, K. L. 1953. Three abietaceous cones from the Wealden of Belgium. Mem. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgium125: 1–42.
—. 1957a. On the two conesPseudoaraucaria heeri (Coemans) nov. comb., andPityostrobus villerotensis nov. sp. from the Wealden of Belgium.135: 1–27.
—. 1957b. OnPseudoaraucaria Fliche emend., a genus of fossil pinaceous cones. Ann. Bot., N.S.21: 33–51.
—. 1960a. On the seedVesquia toumaisii C. E. Bertrand, from the Belgian Wealden Ann. Bot., N.S.24: 508–515.
—. 1960b. Further conifers of the Pinaceae from the Wealden Formation of Belgium. Mem. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgium1461-39.
Andrews, H. N. 1961. Studies in Paleobotany. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 487 pp.
Andrews, H. N. 1970. Index of generic names of fossil plants, 1820–1965. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1300. 354 pp.
Archangelsky, S. 1963. A new Mesozoic flora from Ticó, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. Bull. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Geology8: 4–92.
—. 1966. New gymnosperms from the Ticó Flora, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. Bull. British Mas. (Nat. Hist.) Geology13: 259–295.
—. 1968. On the genusTomaxellia (Coniferae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina) and its male and female cones. J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.)61: 153–165.
—, andJ. C. Gamerro. 1967. Pollen grains found in coniferous cones from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol.5: 179–182.
Arnold, C. A. 1953. Silicified plant remains from the Mesozoic and Tertiary of western North America. II. Some fossil woods from northern Alaska. Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. Arts. Lett.38: 9–20.
—. 1964. Cordaites-type foliage associated with palm-like plants from the Upper Triassic of southwestern Colorado. Jour. Indian Bot. Soc., Maheshwari Comm. Vol.,42A: 4–9.
—. 1967. The proper designations of the foliage and stems of the Cordaitales. Phytomorphology17: 346–350.
—, andI. S. Lowther. 1955. A new Cretaceous conifer from northern Alaska. Amer. Jour. Bot.42: 522–528.
Ash, S. R. 1972. Late Triassic plants from the Chinle Formation in northeastern Arizona. Palaeontology15: 598–618.
Bailey, I. W. 1933. The cambium and its derivative tissues. VII. Problems in identifying the wood of Mesozoic Coniferae. Ann. Bot.47: 145–157.
Banks, H. P. 1970. Evolution and Plants of the Past. Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc., Belmont, California. 170 pp.
Barale, G. 1973. Contribution à la connaissance de la flore des calaires lithographiques de la province de Lérida (Espagne):Frenelopsis rubiesensis n. sp. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol.16: 271–287.
Barnard, P. D. W. 1968. A new species ofMasculostrobus Seward producingClassopollis pollen from the Jurassic of Iran. J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.)61: 167–176.
Beck, C. B. 1970. The appearance of gymnospermous structure. Biol. Rev.45: 379–400.
Bell, W. A. 1949. Uppermost Cretaceous and Paleocene floras of Western Alberta. Geol. Surv., Canada, Bull.13: 1–129.
—. 1956. Lower Cretaceous floras of western Canada. Canada Geol. Surv. Mem.285: 1–331.
—. 1957. Flora of the Upper Cretaceous Naimo Group of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Canada Geol. Surv. Mem.293: 1–84.
—. 1963. Upper Cretaceous floras of the Dunvegan, Bad Heart, and Milk River Formations of western Canada. Geol. Surv. Canada Bull.94: 1–76.
Berry, E. W. 1903. New species of plants from the Matawan Formation. Amer. Nat.37: 677–684.
—. 1908. A mid-Cretaceous species ofTorreya. Amer. Jour. Sci., 4th ser.25: 382–386.
—. 1910. Contributions to the Mesozoic flora of the Atlantic coastal plain, pt. 5. Torrey Bot. Club Bull.37: 181–200.
-. 1914. The Upper Cretaceous and Eocene floras of South Carolina and Georgia. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Pap. 84. 200 pp.
-. 1916. Maryland Geol. Surv., Upper Cretaceous. 61–105: 776–805.
—. 1928. Tertiary fossil plants from the Argentine Republic. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.73(2743): 1–27.
-. 1938. Tertiary Flora from the Rio Pichileufu, Argentina. Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Pap. 12. 140 pp.
Bhardwaj, D. C. 1953. Jurassic woods from the Rajmahal Hills, Bihar. The Paleobotanist2: 59–70.
Bock, W. 1954.Primaraucaria, a new araucarian genus from the Virginia Triassic. Jour. Paleo.28: 32–42.
-. 1969. The American Triassic Flora and Global Distribution. Geological Center. Pennsylvania. 406 pp.
Bose, M. N. 1961. Leaf-cuticle and other plant microfossils from the Mesozoic rocks of Andøoya, Norway. The Paleobotanist8: 1–7.
—, andH. K. Maheshwari. 1973. Some detached seed-scales belonging to Araucariaceae from the Mesozoic rocks of India. Geophytology3: 205–214.
Brown, R. W. 1935. Some fossil conifers from Maryland and North Dakota. Washington Acad. Sci. Jour.25: 441–450.
Brown, J. T. 1972. The Flora of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Central Montana. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Montana. 64 pp.
Buchholz, J. T. 1934. The classification of Coniferales. Trans. Illinois Acad. Sci.25: 112–113.
—. 1948. Generic and subgeneric distribution of the Coniferales. Bot. Gaz.110: 80–91.
Burlingame, L. L. 1915a. The origin and relationships of the araucarians. I. Bot. Gaz.60: 1–26.
—. 1915b. The origin and relationships of the araucarians. II. Bot. Gaz.60: 89–114.
Calder, M. G. 1953. A coniferous petrified forest in Patagonia. Bull. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Geol.2: 97–138.
Chaloner, W. G. andJ. Lorch. 1960. An opposite-leaved conifer from the Jurassic of Israel. Palaeontology2: 236–242.
Chaney, R. W. 1950. A revision of fossilSequoia andTaxodium in western North America based on the recent discovery ofMetasequoia. Amer. Philos. Soc. Trans.40: 171–240.
—. 1954. A new pine from the Cretaceous of Minnesota and its paleoecological significance. Ecology35: 145–151.
Christophel, D. C. 1973.Sciadopitophyllum canadense gen. et sp. nov., a new conifer from western Alberta. Amer. Jour. Bot.60: 61–66.
Creber, G. T. 1967. Notes on some petrified cones of the Pinaceae from the Cretaceous. Linn. Soc. London, Proc.178: 147–152.
Cridland, A. A. 1964.Amyelon in American coal-balls. Palaeontology7: 186–209.
Critchfield, W. B. and E. L. Little, Jr. 1966. Geographic distribution of the pines of the world. U. S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. #991.
Dallimore, W. andA. B. Jackson. 1966. A Handbook of the Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae, 4th Edition (revised by S. G. Harrison). St. Martin’s Press, New York. 729 pp.
Daugherty, L. H. 1941. The Upper Triassic flora of Arizona. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 526.
De Laubenfels, D. J. 1953. The external morphology of coniferous leaves. Phytomorph.3: 1–20.
Delevoryas, T. andR. C. Hope. 1973. Fertile coniferophyte remains from the Late Triassic Deep River Basin, North Carolina. Amer. Jour. Bot.60: 810–818.
——. 1975.Voltzia andrewsii, n. sp., and Upper Triassic seed cone from North Carolina, U.S.A. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol.20: 67–74.
Dilcher, D. L. 1969.Podocarpus from the Eocene of North America. Science164: 299–301.
Dorofeyev, P. I. andI. N. Sveshnikova. 1959. On the discovery of remains of the genusSciadopitys S. and Z. in the Upper Cretaceous deposit of the Urals. Doklady Akademii Nauk S.S.S.R. (Earth Sciences Sect.)128: 1014–1016.
Dupler, A. W. 1920. Ovuliferous structures ofTaxus canadensis. Bot. Gaz.69: 492–520.
Eckenwalder, J. E. 1976. Re-evaluation of Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae: a proposed merger. Madrono23: 237–256.
Endo, S. 1951. A record ofSequoia from the Jurassic of Manchuria. Bot. Gaz.113: 228–230.
Florin, R. 1922. On the geological history of the Sciadopitinae. Svensk Bot. Tidskr.16: 260–270.
—. 1948. On the morphology and relationships of the Taxaceae. Bot. Gaz.110: 31–39.
—. 1950. Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian Conifers. Bot. Rev.16: 258–282.
—. 1951. Evolution in cordaites and conifers. Acta Horti Bergiani15: 285–388.
—. 1958. On Jurassic taxads and conifers from northwestern Europe and eastern Greenland. Acta Horti Bergiani17: 257–402.
Fontaine, W. M. 1889. The Potomac or younger Mesozoic flora. U. S. Geol. Surv. Mon. 15. 377 pp.
Frenquelli, J. 1942. Contributiones al conocimiento de la flora del Gondwana Superior en la Argentina. VIII.Phacolepis mendozana n. gen. et n. sp. Notas del Museo de la Plata7: 323–330.
Gould, R. E. 1975. The succession of Australian pre-tertiary megafossil floras. Bot. Rev.41: 453–483.
Grambast, L. 1952. Sur la signification des structures généralisées chez les Coniférales et la valeur des Protopinacées en tant que groupe. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris235: 1533–1535.
—. 1961. Évolution des structures ligneuses chez les Coniférophytes. Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Mém.39: 30–41.
Grauvogel-Stamm, L. 1969. Nouveaux types d’organes reproducteurs males de conifères du gres a Voltzia (Trias Inférieur) des Vosges. Bull. Serv. Carte géol. Als. Lorr.22: 93–120.
—. 1972. Révision de cônes mâles du Keuper “Inférieur” du Worcestershire (Angleterre) attribués àMasculostrobus willsi Townrow. Paleontographica140B: 1–26.
— andL. Grauvogel. 1973.Masculostrobus acuminatus nom. nov., un un nouvel organe reproducteur male de gymnosperme du Grés à Voltzia (Trias Inférieur) des Vosges (France). Géobios6: 101–114.
—. 1975.Aethophyllum Brongniart 1828, conifère (non Équisétale) du Grès à Voltzia (Buntsandstein Supérieur) des Vosges (France). Note préliminaire. Géobios8: 143–146.
Greguss, P. 1955. Identification of Living Gymnosperms on the Basis of Xylotomy. Akadémiai Kiadô. Budapest. 263 pp.
—. 1967. Fossil Gymnosperm Woods in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. 136 pp.
Harris, T. M. 1935. The fossil flora of Scoresby Sound, East Greenland, Pt. 4: Ginkgoales, Coniferales, Lycopodiales and isolated fructifications. Medd. om Gronland112: 176 pp.
Harris, T. M. The fossil coniferElatides williamsoni. Ann. Bot. N. S.7: 325–339.
— 1953. Conifers of the Taxodiaceae from the Wealden Formation of Belgium. Mem. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgium126: 1–43.
— 1957. A Liasse-Rhaetic flora in South Wales. Proc. Roy. Soc., B,147: 289–308.
-. 1969. Naming a fossil conifer. Bot. Soc. Bengal, J. Sen. Mem. Vol., 243–252.
—. 1973. Pollen from fossil cones. The Botanique4: 1–8.
—. 1976a. The Mesozoic gymnosperms. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol.21: 119–134.
—. 1976b. Two neglected aspects of fossil conifers. Amer. Jour. Bot.63: 902–910.
Heer, O. 1874. Nachträge zur miocene Flora Grönlands,in Flora fossilis arctica, Band 3, Heft 3: Kgl. Svenska vetenskapsakad. handlingar,12: 1–11.
—. 1880. Nachträge zur Jura-Flora Sibiriens,in Flora fossils arctica, Bd. 6, Teil 1, Heft 1: Acad. imp. sci. St. Pétersbourg Mém., v. 27, p. 1–34.
-. 1883. Die fossile Flora der Polarlander,in Flora fossilis arctica, Band 7, Zurich. 275 pp.
Hildreth, S. 1837. Miscellaneous observations made during a tour in May, 1835, to the falls of Cuyahoga, near Lake Erie. Amer. Jour. Sci., 1st ser.,31: 1–84.
Hirmer, M. andL. Hörhammer. 1934. Zur weiteren Kenntis vonCheirolepis Schimper andHirmeriella Hörhammer mit Bemerkungen über deren systematisch Stellung. Palaeontographica79B: 67–84.
Hollick, A. and E. C. Jeffrey. 1906. Affninites of certain Cretaceous plant remains commonly referred to the generaDammara andBrachyphyllum.
——. 1909. Studies of Cretaceous coniferous remains from Kreischerville, New York. New York Bot. Gard. Mem.3: 1–76.
— andG. C. Martin. 1930. The Upper Cretaceous floras of Alaska. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper159: 1–116.
Jeffrey, E. C. 1908. On the structure of the leaf in Cretaceous pines. Ann. Bot.22: 207–220.
—. 1912. The history, comparative anatomy, and evolution of the araucarioxylon type. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci.48: 531–571.
—. 1917. The Anatomy of Woody Plants. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 478 pp.
Jongmans W. J. and S. J. Dijkstra. 1971–75. Fossilium Catalogus II: Plantae, Pars 79–87, Gymnospermae, Uitgeverig Dr. W. Junk B. V., ’s-Gravenhage. 1094 pp.
Jung, W. W. 1968.Hirmerella muensteri (Schenk) Jung nov. comb., eine bedeutsame Konifere des Mesozoikums. Palaeontographica122B: 55–93.
Kendall, M. W. 1949a. On a new conifer from the Scottish Lias. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12,2: 299–307.
—. 1949b. OnBrachyphyllum expansum (Sternberg) Seward, and its cone. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12,2: 308–320.
—. 1952. Some conifers from the Jurassic of England. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 125: 583–594.
Keng, H. 1969. Aspects of morphology ofAmentotaxus formosana with a note on the taxonomic position of the genus. Jour. Arnold Arb.50: 432–446.
Konar, R. N. andY. P. Oberoi. 1969. Recent work on reproductive structures of living conifers and taxads—a review. Bot. Rev.35: 89–116.
Knobloch, E. 1972.Aachenia debeyi n.g.n.sp.—eine neue Konifere aus dem Senon von Aachen. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh.7: 400–406.
Kon’no, E. 1962. Some coniferous male fructifications from the Carnic Formation in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. Tohoku Univ. Sci. Rept., 2nd ser. (Geol.) Spec. v: 9–19.
—. 1968. Additions to some younger Mesozoic plants from Malaya. Geol. Paleont. Southeast Asia4: 139–155.
Knowlton, F. H. 1905. Fossil plants of the Judith River beds, pp. 129–155in Stanton, T. W. and J. B. Hatcher. Geology and Paleontology of the Judith River beds. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 257.
-.1916. The flora of the Fox Hills Sandstone. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 98-H: 85–93.
Krassilov, V. A. 1967. The Early Cretaceous Flora of South Primorye and its bearing on Stratigraphy. Moscow. 364 pp. (In Russian).
—. 1971. Evolution and systematics of conifers (critical review). Paleont. Zhur.1: 7–20.
—. 1974.Podocarpus from the Upper Cretaceous of eastern Asia and its bearing on the theory of conifer evolution. Paleontology17: 365–370.
Kräusel, R. 1949. Die fossilen Koniferen-Hölzer. Palaeontographica89B: 83–203.
—. 1952.Pachylepis nov. gen., eine neue Konferen-Gattung aus dem süddeutschen Keuper. Senckenbergiana32: 343–350.
— andK. P. Jain. 1964. New fossil coniferous woods from the Rajmahal Hills, Bihar, India. The Paleobotanist12: 59–66.
Lemoigne, Y. 1967. Paléoflore à Cupressales dans le Trias-Rhétien du Contentin. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris264: 715–718.
Lesquereux, L. 1874. Contributions to the fossil flora of the Western Territories —Part 1, The Cretaceous flora. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. Rept.,6: 1–136.
Lorch, I. 1968. Some Jurassic conifers from Israel. J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.)61: 177–188.
Matsuo, H. 1962. A study on the Asuwa flora (Late Cretaceous age) in the Hokuriku Dustruct, central Japan. Sci. Rep. Kanazawa Univ.8: 177–250.
—. 1966. Plant fossils of the Izumi group (Upper Cretaceous) in the Izumi Mountain Range, Kinki District, Japan. Ann. Sci. Kanazawa Univ.,3: 67–74.
—. 1970. On the Omichidani flora (Upper Cretaceous), inner side of central Japan. Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S.80: 371–389.
Miller, C. N. 1974.Pityostrobus hallii, a new species of structurally preserved conifer cones from the Late Cretaceous of Maryland. Amer. Jour. Bot.61: 798–804.
—. 1975. Petrified cones and needle bearing twigs of a new taxodiaceous conifer from the Early Cretaceous of California. Amer. Jour. Bot.62: 706–713.
—. 1976a. Early evolution in the Pinaceae. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol.21: 101–117.
—. 1976b. Two new pinaceous cones from the Early Cretaceous of California. Jour. Paleo.50: 821–832.
— andJ. T. Brown. 1973. A new voltzialean cone bearing seeds with embryos from the Permian of Texas. Amer. Jour. Bot.60: 561–569.
Mitra, A. K. 1927. On the occurrence of two ovules on araucarian cone-scales. Ann. Bot.41: 461–471.
Nathorst, A. G. 1908. Paläobotanische Mitteilungen, y, ÜberPalissya, Stachyotaxus andPalaeotaxus Kgl. Svenska vetenskapsakad. handlingar.43: 1–20.
Nishida, M. 1973. On some petrified plants from the Cretaceous of Chosi, Chiba Prefecture VI. Bot. Mag. Tokyo86: 189–202.
Ogura, Y. 1930. On the structure and affinities of some Cretaceous plants from Hokkaido. Tokyo Univ. Fac. Sci. Jour., sec. 3, Botany2: 381–412.
—. 1932. On the structure and affinities of some Cretaceous plants from Hokkaido —second contribution. Tokyo Univ. Fac. Sci. Jour., sec. 3, Botany2: 455–483.
Page, V. M. 1973. A new conifer from the Upper Cretaceous of central California. Amer. Jour. Bot.60: 570–575.
Pant, D. D. andG. K. Srivastava. 1968. On the cuticular structure ofAraucaria (Araucarites) cutchensis (Feistmantel) comb. nov. from the Jabalpur Series, India. J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.)61: 201–206.
Penny, J. S. 1947. Studies on the conifers of the Magothy flora. Amer. Jour. Botany34: 281–296.
Ramanujam, C. G. K. 1969. A petrified bark of Cupressaceae from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta. Canadian Jour. Bot.48: 855–858.
—. 1972. Fossil coniferous woods from the Oldman Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta. Canadian Jour. Bot.50: 595–602.
Rao, A. R. andM. N. Bose. 1970.Podostrobus gen. nov., a petrified podocarpaceous male cone from the Rajmahal Hills, India. Paleobotanist19: 83–85.
Robison, C. R. 1975. Pinaceous Dwarf Shoots from the Late Cretaceous Magothy Formation of Martha’s Vineyard Island, Massachusetts. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Montana. 106 pp.
Roselt, G. 1955. Eine neue männliche Gymnospermenfruktifikation aus dem Unteren Keuper von Thüringen and ihre Beziehungen zu anderen Gymnospermen. Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Wiss. Zeitschr., Jahrg.5: 75–118.
—. 1958. Neue Koniferen aus dem unteren Keuper and ihre Beziehungen zu verwandten fossilen und rezenten. Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Wiss. Zeitschr., Jahrg.5: 75–118.
Rothwell, G. W. 1976. The vascular architecture ofCordaites concinnus Delevoryas. Bot. Soc. America, Program of Abstracts, p. 30.
Rouse, G. E. 1967. A Late Cretaceous plant assemblage from east-central British Columbia, I. Fossil leaves. Canadian Jour. Earth Sci.4: 1185–1197.
Roy, S. K. 1972. Fossil wood of Taxaceae from the McMurray Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Jour. Bot.50: 349–352.
Sah, S. C. D. 1957.Coniferocaulon latisulcatum sp. nov. from the Rajmahal Hills, Bihar, with remarks on the affinities of the genus. Paleobotanist6: 71–76.
Sahni, B. 1931. Revisions of Indian fossil plants —Part 2, Coniferales. India Geol. Survey Mem. 2, Palaeontologia Indica11: 51–124.
Saxton, W. T. 1934. Notes on Conifers VIII. The morphology ofAustrotaxus spicata Compton. Ann. Bot.48: 412–427.
Schmid, R. 1967. Electron microscopy of wood ofCallixylon andCordaites. Amer. Jour. Bot.54: 720–729.
Schweitzer, H. I. 1963. Der weibliche Zapfen von Pseudovoltzia liebeana und seine Bedeutung für die Phylogenie der Koniferen. Palaeontographica113B: 1–29.
—. 1974. Die “Tertiären” Koniferen Spitzbergens. Palaeontographica149B: 1–89.
Seward, A. C. 1919. Fossil Plants. Cambridge University Press, V. 4 (reprinted from the original. 1969). Hafner Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 543 pp.
Sharma, B. D. 1970.Taxaceoxylon cupressoides sp. nov. from Dhokuti in the Rajmahal Hills, India. Ameghiniana7: 275–278.
Shoemaker, R. E. 1966. Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica119B: 54–75.
Singh, H. 1961. The life history and systematic position ofCephalotaxus drupacea sieb, et Aucc. Phytomorph.11: 153–197.
Spegazzini, C. 1924. Coniferales fosiles Patagonicas. Soc. cient. Argentina Anales98: 125–139.
Stockey, R. A. 1975. Seeds and embryos ofAraucaria mirabilis. Amer. Jour. Bot.62: 856–868.
Stopes, M. 1915. Catalogue of the Mesozoic plants in the British Museum. The Cretaceous flora, Part 2, Lower Greensand (Aptian) plants from Britain. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 360 pp.
Stopes, M. C. andK. Fujii. 1910. Studies on the structure and affinities of Cretaceous plants. Roy. Soc. London Philos. Trans.201: 1–90.
Teixeira, C. 1948. Flora mesozóica portuguesa. Portugal Servicos geol., Pt. 1, 118 pp.
-. 1950. Flora mesozóica portuguesa. Portugal Servicos geol., pt. 2, 31 pp.
Thompson, R. B. 1914. The spur shoot of the pines. Bot. Gaz.57: 362–385.
Thompson, R. B. andA. E. Allin. 1913. Do the Abietineae extend to the Carboniferous? Bot. Gaz.53: 339–344.
Townrow, J. A. 1962. On some disaccate pollen grains of Permian to Middle Jurassic age. Grana3: 13–44.
—. 1967a. OnRissikia andMataia, podocarpaceous conifers from the Lower Mesozoic of the southern lands. Pap. and Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania101: 103–136.
—. 1967b. On a conifer from the Jurassic of East Antarctica. Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania101: 137–147.
—. 1967c. TheBrachphyllum crassum complex of fossil conifers. Pap. Roy. Soc. Tasmania101: 149–172.
—. 1967d. OnVoltziopsis, a southern conifer of Lower Triassic age. Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania101: 173–188.
—. 1969. Some Lower Mesozoic Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae. Pages 159–184in Gondwana Stratigraphy. UNESCO. Louis-Jean, Gap. France.
Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert, J. H. A. 1971.In situ gymnosperm pollen from the Middle Jurassic of Yorkshire. Acta Bot. Neerl.20: 1–96.
—. 1972. In situ gymnosperm pollen from the Middle Jurassic of Yorkshire. Acta Bot. Neerl.20: 95–98.
Vaudois, N. andC. Privé. 1971. Révision des bois fossiles de Cupressace. Palaeontographica134B: 61–86.
Velenovsky, J. 1885. Die Gymnospermen der böhmischen Kreideformation. Prague, 34 pp.
Velenovsky, J.. 1889. Kvetena ceského Cenomanu. Abhandl. K. bohm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 7, vol.3: 1–75.
-and L. Viniklár. 1926. Flora cretacea bohemiae. Czechoslovakia Statniho Geol. Üstav. Rozpravy, pt. 2, p. 1–51.
-and -. 1927. Flora cretacea bohemiae. Czechoslovakia Statniho Geol. Ústav. Rozpravy, pt. 2, p. 1–51.
Vishnu-Mittre. 1954.Araucarites bindrabunensis sp. nov., a petrified megastrobilus from the Jurassic of Rajmahal Hills, Bihar. The Paleobotanist3: 103–108.
—. 1958. Studies on the fossil flora of Nipania (Rajmahal series), Bihar —Coniferales. The Paleobotanist6: 82–122.
Vogellehner, D. 1965. Untersuchungen zur Anatomie und Systematik der verkieselten Hölzer aus dem fränkischen und südthüringischen Keuper. Erlanger geol. Abh.59: 1–76.
—. 1967. Zur Anatomie und Phylogenie Mesozoischer Gymnospermenhölzer, 5: Prodomus zu einer Monographie der Protopinaceae I. Die protopinoiden Hölzer der Trias. Palaeontographica121B: 30–51.
—. 1968. Zur Anatomie und Phylogenie mesozoischer Gymnospermenholzer, 7: Prodromus zu einer Monographie der Protopinaceae II. Die protopinoiden Holzer des Jura. Palaeontographica124B: 125–162.
Walton, J. 1928. On the structure of a Paleozoic cone-scale and the evidence it furnished of the primitive nature of the double cone-scale in the conifers. Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc.73: 1–6.
Weber, R. 1975.Aachenia knoblochi n. sp., an interesting conifer from the Upper Cretaceous Olmos Formation of northeastern Mexico. Palaeontographica152B: 76–83.
Wesley, A. 1956. Contributions to the knowledge of the flora of the grey limestones of Veneto —Part 1, A revision of the flora fossilis formationis oolithicae of De. Zingo. 1st. geol. e mineral. Univ. Padova Mem.,19: 1–68.
Wieland, G. R. 1935. The Cerro Cuadrado petrified forest. Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 449. 180 pp.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Miller, C.N. Mesozoic conifers. Bot. Rev 43, 217–280 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860718
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860718