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The taxonomic implications of genetic and environmentally induced variations in seaweed morphology

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Abstract

Morphological characters are the most widely used criteria for the discrimination of seaweed taxa. Even so, many examples of extreme phenotypic plasticity are known. Thus, several phycologists have recently initiated studies to evaluate the phenotypic range of taxa under varied conditions as well as to explore the degree of genetic control of individual characters. Several experimental techniques have been employed to enumerate the significance and basis of phenotypic plasticity in seaweeds, including culture studies, detailed seasonal observations of in situ populations, reciprocal transplantation of plants to diverse habitats, statistical analysis of character variations, and evaluation of genetic affinities. Obviously, the taxonomic status of seaweeds should reflect their genetic relationships. Three primary approaches are outlined including electrophoretic studies, quantitative genetic evaluations, and hybridization studies. A detailed summary of these genetic studies, as well as the other experimental field and laboratory techniques, is given in order to critically assess traditional taxonomic criteria and to aid in the search for new ones.

An evaluation of the relative merits of morphological and biochemical characters in species delimitations is also outlined. It is suggested that there should be no tacit assumption that biochemical features are in some way more fundamental than morphological ones. Thus, even seemingly trivial morphological features may be of great adaptive value, even though not apparent to the taxonomist. A good taxonomic character is constant, readily observable, and the plant should survive identification. If obscure characters are used to delimit species, strenuous efforts should be made to correlate these characters with more readily observable ones.

Zusammenfassung

Morphologische Eigenschaften sind die meistgebrauchten Kriterien fur die Unterscheidung der benthischen Meeresalgen. Dennoch sind viele Beispiele von extrem phenotypischer Plastizität bekannt. Also haben einige Phycologen Studien begonnen, um die phenotypische Reichweite der Taxen unter verschiedenen Umstanden zu bestimmen, gleichfalls den Grad der genetischen Kontrolle der individuellen Eigenschaften zu erforschen.

Verschiedene Versuchsmethoden wurden angewendet, um die Bedeutung und Basis der phenotypischen Plastizität von Meeresalgen aufzuzählen. Unter diesen waren Kulturstudien, detaillierte periodische Beobachtungen der in situ Populationen, gegenseitige Umpflanzung der Pflanzen in diverse Umweltsbedingungen, statistische Analyse der Variationen der Eigenschaften, und Bewertung der genetischen Verwandtschaften. Der taxonomische Eben der Meeresalgen soll offensichtlich ihre genetische Verhaltnisse zeigen. Drei primäre Methoden werden herausgestellt. Diese sind: elektrophoretische Studien, quantitätive genetische Wertungen und Kreuzungsversuche. Eine detaillierte Zusammenfassung dieser genetischen Studien sowohl der anderen Versuchsmethoden der Verfahren im Freiland und im Labor wird gegeben, um die traditionellen taxonomischen Kriterien kritisch zu bewerten, und bei der Suche nach neuen zu helfen.

Eine Bewertung der relativen Werten der morphologischen und biochemischen Eigenschaften in der Bestimmung der Arten wird auch beschreibens. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, dass es nicht tacit angenommen wird, dass die biochemischen Eigenschaften irgendwie grundlicher als die morphologischen sind. Also dürfen auch scheinbar triviale morphologische Eigenschaften grossen Anpassungswert haben, auch wenn das dem Taxonomen noch nicht ersichtlich ist. Ein zuverlässiger taxonomischer Eigenschaft ist konstant, leicht zu beobachten, und die Pflanze soll die Bestimmung überleben. Wenn obskure Eigenschaften bei der Abgrenzung der Art gebraucht werden, dann soll energisch versucht werden, die mit anderen, leichter zu beobachten Eigenschaften zu korrelienen.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Jackson Estuarine Laboratory University of New Hampshire Durham, 03824, New Hampshire

    A. C. Mathieson

  2. Department of Botany, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland

    T. A. Norton

  3. Department of Biological Sciences and the Marine Science Institution, University of California Santa Barbara, 93107, California

    M. Neushul

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Mathieson, A.C., Norton, T.A. & Neushul, M. The taxonomic implications of genetic and environmentally induced variations in seaweed morphology. Bot. Rev 47, 313–347 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860577

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