Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Techniques for the observation and isolation of soil microorganisms

  • Published:
The Botanical Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Literature Cited

  1. Ajello, L. 1954. Occurrence ofHistoplasma capsulatum and other human pathogenic molds in Panamanian soil. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.3: 897–904.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. — andL. D. Zeidberg. 1951. Isolation ofHistoplasma capsulatum andAllescheria Boydii from soil. Science113:662–663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Alexander, F. E. S., andR. M. Jackson. 1954. Examination of soil micro-organisms in their natural environment. Nature174:750–751.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Allison, F. E., andH. J. Morris. 1930. Nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae. Science71:221–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Amoss, H. L., andMary A. Poston. 1929. Undulant (Malta) fever isolation of the brucella organism from the stools. J. Am. Med. Assoc.93:170–171.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Amster, 1922. Ein neues Züchtungsverfahren für Protozoen. Centralb. f. Bakteriol., Orig.89:166–168.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Anderson, E. J. 1951. A simple method for detecting the presence ofPhytophthora cinnamomi Rands in soil. Phytopath.41:187–189.

    Google Scholar 

  8. — andI. Yanagihara. 1955. A method for estimating numbers of motile nematodes in large numbers of soil samples. Phytopath.45: 238–239.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Anderson, S. 1956. Collection of cysts ofHeterodera major and estimation of the cyst content. Nematologica1:303–306.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Angell, H. R. 1954. Partial segregation of bacteria and isolation ofPythium from the coarser soil fractions. Austral. J. Agr. Research5:702–705.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ark, P. A., andR. S. Dickey. 1950. A modification of the van Tiegham cell for purification of contaminated fungus cultures. Phytopath.40: 389–390.

    Google Scholar 

  12. — andM. N. Schroth. 1958. Use of slices of carrot and other fleshy roots to detect crown gall bacteria in soil. Plant Disease Reptr.42:1279–1281.

    Google Scholar 

  13. — andJ. P. Thompson. 1961. Detection of hairy root pathogen,Agrobacterium rhizogenes, by the use of fleshy roots. Phytopath.51: 69–71.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Aytoun, R. S. C. 1953. The genusTrichoderma:Its relationship withArmillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fries) Quel. andPolyporus schweinitzii Fr., together with preliminary observation on its ecology in woodland soils. Trans. Botan. Soc. Edinb.36:99–114.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Baermann, G. 1917. Eine einfache Methode zur Auffingdung von Ankylostomum—(Nematoden)—Larven in Erdproben. Geneeskund. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie62:131–137.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Baker, K. F. 1947. Seed transmission ofRhizoctonia solani in relation to control of seedling damping-off. Phytopath.37:912–924.

    Google Scholar 

  17. —. 1953.Chalaropsis root rot of rose. Plant Disease Reptr.37: 430–433.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Baker, Zelma, R. W. Harrison, andB. F. Miller. 1941. Action of synthetic detergents on the metabolism of bacteria. J. Exptl. Med.73: 249–271.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. ———. 1941. The bactericidal action of synthetic detergents. J. Exptl. Med.74:611–620.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bakerspigel, A., andJ. J. Miller. 1953. Comparison of oxgall, crystal violet, streptomycin, and penicillin as bacterial growth inhibitors in platings of soil fungi. Soil Sci.76:123–126.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Baltimore Biological Laboratory. 1956. Culture media, materials, and apparatus for the microbiological laboratory. 4th ed.

  22. Barghoorn, E. S., andD. H. Linder. 1944. Marine fungi: Their taxonomy and biology. Farlowia1:395–467.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Baron, A. L. 1950. Handbook of antibiotics. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York. 303 p.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Beijerinck, M. W. 1896. Kulturversuche mit Amöben auf festem Substrate. Centralb. f. Bakteriol., Orig.19:257–267.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bendix, Selina W. 1960. Phototaxis. Bot. Rev.26:145–208.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Benedict, R. G. 1953. Antibiotics produced by actinomycetes. Bot. Rev.19:229–320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Berlese, A. 1905. Apparachio per raccoglieri presto ed in gram numero piccoli Artropodi. Redia2:85–89.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Berry, J. A., andC. A. Magoon. 1934. Growth of microorganisms at and below 0°C. Phytopath.24:780–796.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bissonnette, H. L. 1959. Personal communication.

  30. Blair, I. D. 1945. Techniques for soil fungus studies. New Zealand J. Sci. Tech.,A 26:258–271.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bold, H. C. 1942. The cultivation of algae. Bot. Rev.8:69–138.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Boosalis, M. G. 1954.Penicillium sp. parasitic onRhizoctonia solani. (Abstr.) Phytopath.44:482.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Bourbeau, G. A., andK. C. Berger. 1947. Thin sections of soils and friable materials prepared by impregnation with the plastic “Castolite.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc.12:409–412.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Brakke, M. K. 1951. Density gradient centrifugation: A new separation technique. J. Am. Chem. Soc.73:1847–1848.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. —. 1953. Zonal separation by density-gradient centrifugation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.45:275–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Brian, P. W. 1951 Antibiotics produced by fungi. Bot. Rev.17:357–430.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Brierley, W. B., S. T. Jewson, andM. Brierley. 1927. The quantitative study of soil fungi. Proc. 1st Intern. Congr. Soil Sci.3:48–71.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Briggs, M. P. 1946. Culture methods for a free-living soil nematode. M. A. Thesis, Stanford University.

  39. Brown, M. G., J. M. Luck, Grace Sheets, andC. V. Taylor. 1933. The action of X-rays onEuplots taylori and associated bacteria. J. Gen. Physiol.16:397–406.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Brown, W. 1924. Two mycological methods. I. A simple method of freeing fungi cultures from bacteria. II. A method of isolating single strains of fungi by cutting out a hyphal tip. Ann. Bot.38:401–404.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Browning, C. H., J. B. Cohen, R. Gaunt, andR. Gulbransen. 1922. Relationships between antiseptic action and chemical constitution with special reference to compounds of the pyridine, quinoline, acridine and phenazine series. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London),B 93:329–366.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Bryson, V., andW. Szybalski. 1952. Microbial selection. Part I: Gradient plate technique for study of bacterial resistance. Science116: 46–48.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Burnett, G. W., M. J. Pelcar, Jr., andH. J. Conn. 1957. Preparation of media, p. 37–71.In Manual of microbiological methods. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Butler, E. E., andR. B. Hine. 1958. Use of novobiocin for isolation of fungi from soil. Soil Sci.85:250–254.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Byars, L. P. 1914. Preliminary notes on the cultivation of the plant parasitic nematode,Heterodera radicicola. Phytopath.4:323–326.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Cameron, H. S. 1932. The viability ofBrucella abortus. Cornell Vet.22:212–224.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Campbell, W. A. 1949. A method of isolatingPhytophthora cinnamomi directly from soil. Plant Disease Reptr.33:134–135.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Caveness, F. E., andH. J. Jensen. 1955. Modification of the centrifugalflotation technique for the isolation and concentration of nematodes and their eggs from soil and plant tissue. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash.22:87–89.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Chapman, G. H. 1929. Electrophoretic potential as an aid in identifying strains of theB. coli group. J. Bacteriol.18:339–342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Chapman, R. A. 1957. The effects of aeration and temperature on the emergence of species ofPratylenchus from roots. Plant Disease Reptr.41:836–841.

    Google Scholar 

  51. —. 1958. An evaluation of methods for determining the number of nematodes in soil. Plant Disease Reptr.42:1351–1356.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Chesters, C. G. C. 1940. A method of isolating soil fungi. Trans. Brit. Mycol Soc.24:352–355.

    Google Scholar 

  53. —. 1948. A contribution to the study of fungi in the soil. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.30:100–117

    Google Scholar 

  54. —, andR. H. Thornton. 1956. A comparison of techniques for isolating soil fungi. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.39:301–313.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Cholodny, N. 1926. Die Eisenbakterien. Beiträge zu einen Monoprophie Pflanzenforschung. G. Fischer, Jena.

    Google Scholar 

  56. —. 1930. Über eine neue Methode zur Untersuchung der Bodenmikroflora. Arch. Mikrobiol.1:620–652.

    Google Scholar 

  57. —. 1934. A soil chamber as a method for the microscopic study of the soil microflora. Arch. Mikrobiol.5:148–156.

    Google Scholar 

  58. —. 1936. Bodenstaubkulturen und die Mikroflora des Bodens. Arch. Mikrobiol.7:286–296.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Christensen, C. M. 1957. Deterioration of stored grains by fungi. Bot. Rev.23:108–134.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Christie, J. R., andV. G. Perry. 1951. Removing nematodes from soil. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash.18:106–108.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Chu, S. P. 1942. The influence of the mineral composition of the medium on the growth of planktonic algae. Part I. Methods and culture media. J. Ecol.30:284–325.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Churchman, J. W. 1912. The selective bactericidal action of gentian violet. J. Exptl. Med.16:221–247.

    Google Scholar 

  63. —. 1923. The reverse selective bacteriostatic action of acid fuchsin. J. Exptl. Med.37:1–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. —. 1923. Bacteriostasis by mixture of dyes. J. Exptl. Med.38: 1–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Claff, C. L. 1940. A migration-dilution apparatus for the sterilization of protozoa. Physiol. Zool.13:334–341.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Clark, H. F., E. E. Geldreich, H. L. Jeter, andP. W. Kabler. 1951. The membrane filter in sanitary bacteriology. U. S. P. H. S. Public Health Rept.66:951–977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Cobb, N. A. 1918. Estimating the nema population of soil. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Plant Industry, Agr. Tech. Circ. 1.

  68. —. 1924. Removing nemas from soil by flotation. J. Parasitol.11:105.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Cohen, A. L. 1939. Nutrition of the Myxomycetes. I. Pure culture and two-membered culture of myxomycete plasmodia. Bot. Gaz.101:243–275.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Coker, W. C. 1923. The Saprolegniaceae. Univ. N. C. Press, Chapel Hill. 201 p.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Comstock, J. H. 1888. The insectary of Cornell University, p. 25–30. N. Y. (Cornell) Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 3.

  72. Conant, N. F., D. S. Martin, D. T. Smith, R. D. Baker, andJ. L. Caixaway. 1954. Manual of clinical mycology, p. 417–418. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Conn, H. J. 1918. The microscopic study of bacteria and fungi in soil. N. Y. (Geneva) Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 64.

  74. —. 1922. A microscopic method for demonstrating fungi and actinomycetes in soil. Soil Sci.14:149–151.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Cooke, W. B. 1954. Fungi in polluted water and sewage. II. Isolation techniques. Sewage and Industrial Wastes26:661–674.

    Google Scholar 

  76. —. 1957. Natural and induced fungal degradation of lignin. Tappi40:301–306.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Corke, C. T., andF. E. Chase. 1956. The selective enumeration of actinomycetes in the presence of large numbers of fungi. Canad. J. Microbiol.2:12–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Corpe, W. A. 1951. A study of the wide spread distribution ofChromobacterium species in soil by a simple technique. J. Bacteriol.62:515–517.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Couch, J. N. 1939. Technic for collection, isolation and culture of chytrids. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.55:208–214.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Crook, Patricia, C. C. Carpenter, andP. F. Klens. 1950. The use of sodium propionate in isolating Actinomycetes from soils. Science112: 656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Curran, H. R., andF. R. Evans. 1945. Heat activation inducing germination in the spores of thermotolerant and thermophilic aerobic bacteria. J. Bacteriol.49:335–346.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Cutler, D. W. 1920. A method for estimating the number of active protozoa in the soil. J. Agri. Sci.10:135–143.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Daniels, L. B. 1933. A flotation method for determining abundance of potato flea beetle larvae. J. Econ. Entomol.26:1175–1177.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Davey, C. B., andS. A. Wilde. 1955. Determination of the numbers of soil microorganisms by the use of molecular membrane filters. Ecology36:760–761.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Davies, F. R. 1935. Superiority of silver nitrate over mercuric chloride for surface sterilization in the isolation ofOphiobolus graminis Sacc. Canad. J. Research, C13:168–173.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Day, P. R. 1948. Experiments in the use of the microscope for the study of soil structure. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc.13:43–50.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Dean, A. L. 1929. Root-observation boxes. Phytopath.19:407–412.

    Google Scholar 

  88. DeBarjac, H. 1952. Les acides humiques dans la préparation de milieux pour l’étude écologique de la microflore des sols acides. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris)83:279–281.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Den Ouden, H. 1958. A new method for culturing plants enabling the observation of nematodes on growing roots. Tijdschr. over Plantenziekten64:269–272.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Dieter, C. E. 1954. Techniques for collecting and isolating plant parasitic nematodes. Down to Earth10 (2): 8–11.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Difco Laboratories. 1953. Difco manual of dehydrated culture media and reagents for microbiological and clinical laboratory procedures. 9th ed.

  92. Dobbs, C. G., andW. H. Hinson. 1953. A widespread fungistasis in soils. Nature172:197–199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Dobell, C. 1932. Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his “Little Animals.” Harcourt, Brace and Co., New York. 435 p.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Dougherty, E. C. (Editor). 1959. Introduction to axenic culture of invertebrate metazoa: a goal. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.77:25–405.

  95. —, andH. G. Calhoun. 1948. Techniques for temporarily freeing soil nematodes from bacteria by the use of antibiotics and merthiolate. (Abstr.) Anat. Record100:395.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Drechsler, C. 1941. Predaceous fungi. Cambridge Philosoph. Soc. Biol. Rev.16:265–290.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Dropkin, V. H., andW. L. Smith, Jr. 1960. Recovery of nematodes from infected roots by enzyme preparations. (Abstr.) Phytopath.50:634.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Dulaney, E. L., A. H. Larsen, andE. O. Stapley. 1955. A note on the isolation of microorganisms from natural sources. Mycologia47:420–422.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Durbin, R. D. 1955. Straight-line function of growth of microorganisms at toxic levels of carbon dioxide. Science121:734–735.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Durie, P. H. 1955. A technique for the collection of large numbers of Paramphistome (Trematoda) Metacercariae. Aust. J. Agr. Research6: 200–202.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Eckert, J. W., P. H. Tsao, L. J. Klotz, andKarla B. Jones. 1961. Use of pimaricin, penicillin, and polymyxin in isolatingPhytophthora spp. from root tissues. (Abstr.) Phytopath.51:64.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Emerson, R. 1950. Current trends of experimental research on the aquatic Phycomycetes. Ann. Rev. Microbiol.4:169–200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. —, andE. C. Cantino. 1948. The isolation, growth, and metabolism ofBlastocladia in pure culture. Am. J. Bot.35:157–171.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Emmons, C. W. 1949. Isolation ofHistoplasma capsulatum from soil. U. S. P. H. S. Public Health Rept.64:892–896.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. —. 1951. The isolation from soil of fungi which cause disease in man. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ser. II14:51–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. —. 1951. Isolation ofCryptococcus neoformans from soil. J. Bacteriol.62:685–690.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Eppe, J. M., andA. Y. Chambers. 1958. New host records forHeterodera glycines; including one host in the Labiatae. Plant Disease Reptr.42:194.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Esser, R. P. 1957. An improved post Baermann funnel technique. Plant Disease Reptr.41:269–270.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Etchells, J. L., R. N. Costilow, T. A. Bell, andA. L. Demain. 1954. Control of molds during the enumeration and isolation of yeasts from soil and plant material. Appl. Microbiol.2:296–300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Evans, E. 1955. Survival and recolonization by fungi in soil treated with formalin or carbon disulphide. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.38:335–346.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Faust, E. C., J. S. D’Antoni, V. Odom, M. J. Miller, C. Peres, W. Sawitz, L. F. Thoman, J. Tobil, andJ. H. Walker. 1938. A critical study of clinical laboratory technics for the diagnosis of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs in feces. Am. J. Trop. Med.18:169–183.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Feder, W. A., andJ. Feldmesser. 1954. The Büchner funnel as an aid in collecting and concentrating nematode populations. Plant Disease Reptr.38:805–806.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Fenwick, D. W. 1940. Methods for the recovery and counting of cysts ofHeterodera schachtii from soil. J. Helminthol.18:155–172.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Ferguson, J. 1953. Factors in colonization of sclerotia by soil organisms. (Abstr.) Phytopath.43:471.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Filipjev, I. N., andJ. H. Schuurmans Stekhoven, Jr. 1941. A manual of agricultural helminthology. E. J. Brill, Leiden, Holland. 878 p.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Fish, G. R. 1948. A method for obtaining bacteria-free cultures of a marine flagellate and enteromorpha intestinalis using penicillin. Acta Horti Gotoburg18:81–89.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Foster, J. W. 1949. Chemical activities of fungi. Academic Press, Inc., New York. 648 p.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Frosch, P. 1897. Zur Frage der Reinzüchtung der Amöben. Centralb. f. Bakteriol., Orig.21:926–932.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Fuentes, C. A., F. Trespalacios, G. F. Baquero, andR. Aboulafia. 1952. Effect of actidione on mold contaminants and on human pathogens. Mycologia44:170–175.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Fults, J. L., L. A. Schaal, andM. E. Michaelson. 1948. Value of the 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reaction and ultraviolet light in parasitism studies of strains ofActinomyces scabies (Thaxt.) Guss. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc.13:287–291.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Galloway, R. A., andR. W. Krauss. 1959. The differential action of chemical agents, especially polymyxin-B, on certain algae, bacteria, and fungi. Am. J. Bot.46:40–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Garrett, S. D. 1944. Root disease fungi, p. 12. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Gentles, J. C., andC. O. Dawson. 1956. The isolation of dermatophytes from clinical materials. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.39:465–474.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Gershenfeld, L., andD. Perlstein. 1941. Significance of hydrogen-ion concentration in the evaluation of the bactericidal efficiency of surface tension depressants. Am. J. Pharm.113:89–92.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Gibbs, J. G. 1938. A technique for studying the longevity ofPhoma Ungarn in the soil. Phytopath.28:762–763.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Gilbert, W. W. 1926. An improved method for isolation ofThielavia basicola. Phytopath.16:579.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Glaser, R. W. 1940. The bacteria-free culture of a nematode parasite. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med.43:512–514.

    Google Scholar 

  128. —. 1943. The germ-free culture of certain invertebrates, p. 164–187.In Micrurgical and germ-free methods. Chas. C. Thomas Publ., Springfield, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  129. —, andN. A. Coria. 1930. Methods for the pure culture of certain protozoa. J. Exptl. Med.51:787–806.

    Google Scholar 

  130. ——. 1933. The culture ofParamecium caudatum free from living microorganisms. J. Parasitol.20:33–37.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Glassman, H. N. 1948. Surface active agents and their application in bacteriology. Bacteriol. Rev.12:105–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Glathe, H., C. V. Bernstorff, andA. Arnold. 1954. Lebensgemeinschaft von Mikroorganismen und höheren Pflanzen im Bereich der Rhizosphäre. Centralb. f. Bakteriol., Abt. II,107:481–488.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Goodey, T. 1957. Laboratory methods for work with plant and soil nematodes. Ministry Agr. Fisheries Tech. Bull. 2. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Gordon, M. A., L. Ajello, andLucille K. Georg. 1952.Microsporum gypseum andHistoplasma capsulatum spores in soil and water. Science116:208

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. —, andH. B. Cupp, Jr. 1953. Detection ofHistoplasma capsulatum and other fungus spores in the environment by means of the membrane filter. Mycologia45:241–252.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Gordon, Ruth E. 1936. A study of some acid-fast Actinomycetes from soil with special reference to pathogenicity for animals. J. Infectious Diseases59:200–206.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Haarløv, N. 1947. A new modification of the Tullgren apparatus. J. Animal Ecol.16:115–121.

    Google Scholar 

  138. —, andT. Weis-Fogh. 1953. A microscopical technique for studying the undisturbed texture of soils. Oikos4:44–57.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Hall, N. M., andL. F. L. Clegg. 1949. Microbiological aspects of the partial sterilization of soil by chemicals. Proc. Soc. Appl. Bacteriol.1949 (2): 105–118.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Hamilton, F. J. 1950.A technique for the collection of nematodes from the alimentary tract of sheep. Aust. J. Agr. Research1:93–98.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Hansen, H. N., andW. C. Snyder. 1947. Gaseous sterilization of biological materials for use as culture media. Phytopath.37:369–371.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Hargitt, C. T., andW. W. Fray. 1917. The growth of paramecium in pure cultures of bacteria. J. Exptl. Zool.22:421–455.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Harley, J. L., andJ. S. Waid. 1955. A method of studying active mycelia on living roots and other surfaces in the soil. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. Am. Proc.1:39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Harmsen, G. W., andW. J. Kolff. 1947. Cultivation of microorganisms with the aid of cellophane membranes. Science105:582–583.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Harper, H. J., andG. W. Volk. 1936. A method for the microscopic examination of the natural structure and pore space in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc.1:39–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Harrison, D. 1957. A technique for obtaining clone cultures of soil amoebae in sterile liquid medium. Nature180:1301–1302.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Harrison, R. W. 1955. A method of isolating vesicular arbuscular endophytes from roots. Nature175:432.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Hasle, G. R. 1950. Phototactic vertical migration in marine dinoflagellates. Oikos2:162–175.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Hastings, R. J., andJ. E. Bosher. 1938. A study of the pathogenicity of the meadow nematode and associated fungusCyclindrocarpon radicicola Wr. Canad. J. Research, C16:225–229.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Hawker, Lilian E. 1950. Physiology of fungi, p. 172–174. Univ. London Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Heiberg, Barbara C., andG. B. Ramsey. 1946. Fungistatic action of diphenyl on some fruit and vegetable pathogens. Phytopath.36:887–891.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Henrici, A. T. 1933. Studies of freshwater bacteria. I. A direct microscopic technique. J. Bacteriol.25:277–287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Hentschel, E. 1925. Abwasserbiologie9 (2): 233–280.In Abderhalden’s Handb. der Biol., Arbeitsmethoden.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Hepple, Shirley, andA. Burges. 1956. Sectioning of soil. Nature177: 1186–1187.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Hesseltine, C. W., M. Hauck, Margaret T. Hagen, andN. Bohonos. 1952. Isolation and growth of yeasts in the presence of aureomycin. J. Bacteriol.64:55–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Hetherington, A. 1934. The sterilization of protozoa. Biol, Bull.67: 315–321.

    Google Scholar 

  157. —. 1934. The pure culture of paramecium. Science79:413–414.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Hildebrand, E. M. 1938. Techniques for the isolation of single microorganisms. Bot. Rev.4:627–664.

    Google Scholar 

  159. —. 1950. Techniques for the isolation of single microorganisms. II. Bot. Rev.16:181–207.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Hine, R. B., andE. E. Butler. 1957. Use of novobiocin for isolation of fungi from the soil. (Abstr.) Phytopath.47:524.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Hitchins, A. P., andM. C. Leikind. 1939. The introduction of agar-agar into bacteriology. J. Bacteriol.37:485–493.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Hollis, J. P. 1957. Cultural studies withDorylaimus ettersbergensis. Phytopath.47:468–473.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Holmes, F. W. 1955. Field and culture tests of antibiotics againstGraphium ulmi. (Abstr.) Phytopath.45:185.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Hough, L., andJ. B. Pridham. 1956. A selective medium for the isolation of Basidiomycetes. Nature177:1038–1039.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Hunter, E. O., Jr., andIlda McVeigh. 1961. The effects of selected antibiotics on pure cultures of algae. Am. J. Bot.48:179–185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Hussain, Allem, M. I. 1953. Counting ofAzotobacter in soils. Plant and Soil4:248–251.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Jacobsen, H. C. 1910. Kulturversuche mit einigen niederen Volvocaceen. Z. f. Bot.2:145–188.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Jeffers, W. F. 1954. Use of actidione in culture of plant pathogenic bacteria. Phytopath.44:144.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Johnson, L. F., E. A. Curl, J. H. Bond, andH. A. Fribourg. 1959. Methods for studying soil microflora-plant disease relationships. Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 178 p.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Johnson, T. W., Jr. 1956. Marine fungi. II. Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes from submerged wood. Mycologia48:841–851.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Jones, F. G. W. 1955. Quantitative methods for the estimation of cystforming nematodes (Heterodera spp.) in soil, p. 394–402.In Soil zoology. Academic Press. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Jones, P. C. T., andJ. E. Mollison. 1948. A technique for the quantitative estimation of soil micro-organisms. J. Gen. Microbiol.2:54–69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Karling, J. S. 1945. Brazilian chytrids. VI.Rhopalophlyctis andChytriomyces, two new chitinophyllic operculate genera. Am. J. Bot.32: 362–369.

    Google Scholar 

  174. —. 1946. Keratinophilic chytrids. I.Rhizophydium keratinophilum n. sp., a saprophyte isolated on human hair, and its parasite,Phlyctidium mycetophagum n. sp. Am. J. Bot.33:751–757.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Kelman, A. 1954. The relationship of pathogenicity inPseudomonas solanacearum to colony appearance on a tetrazolium medium. Phytopath.44:693–695.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Kerr, A. 1953. A method of isolating soft-rotting bacteria from soils. Nature172:751–757.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Kidder, G. W. 1941. The technique and significance of control in protozoan culture, p. 448–474.In Protozoa in biological research. Columbia Univ. Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  178. —, andC. A. Stewart. 1939. Growth studies on ciliates. I. The role of bacteria in the growth and reproduction ofColpada. Physiol. Zool.12:329–340.

    Google Scholar 

  179. King, C. J., andC. Hope. 1932. Distribution of the cotton root-rot fungus in soil and in plant tissues in relation to control by disinfectants. J. Agr. Research45:725–740.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Kingsbury, J. M., andE. S. Barghoorn. 1954. Silica gel as a microbiological medium: Potentialities and a new method of preparation. Appl. Microbiol.2:5–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Kitzke, E. D. 1952. A new method for isolating members of the Acresieae from soil samples. Nature170:284–285.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Klotz, L. J., andT. A. DeWolfe. 1958. Techniques for isolatingPhytophthora spp. which attack citrus. Plant Disease Reptr.42:675–676.

    Google Scholar 

  183. —, andH. S. Fawcett. 1939. Isolation ofPhytophthora spp. Phytopath.29:290–291.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Koch, Dorothy A. 1926. An experimental study of the effects of dyes, of dye mixtures, and of disinfectants uponEndamoeba gingivalis (gros) in vitro. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.29:241–266.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Kolin, A. 1958. Rapid electrophoresis in density gradients combined with pH and/or conductivity gradients,6: 259–288.In Methods of biochemical analysis. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Kubiena, W. 1932. Über Fructkorperbildung und engere Standortwahl von Pilzen in Bodenhohlräumen. Arch. Mikrobiol.3:507–542.

    Google Scholar 

  187. —, andC. E. Renn. 1935. Micropedological studies of the influence of different organic compounds upon the microflora of the soil. Centralb. f. Bakteriol., Abt. II91:267–292.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. —. 1958. Micropedology, p. 228–235. Collegiate Press, Inc., Ames, Iowa.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Kuzdas, C. D., andE. V. Morse. 1953. A selective medium for the isolation of Brucellae from contaminated materials. J. Bacteriol.66:502–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Ladell, W. R. S. 1936. A new apparatus for separating insects and other arthropods from the soil. Ann. Appl. Biol.23:862–879.

    Google Scholar 

  191. LaTouche, C. J. 1948. Slide-traps for soil fungi. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.31:281–284.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Lawrence, C. A., L. E. Brownell, andJ. T. Graikoski. 1953. Effect of cobalt-60 gamma radiation on microorganisms. Nucleonics11:9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Lawrence, C. H. 1956. A method of isolating Actinomycetes from scabby potato tissue with minimal contamination. Canad. J. Bot.34:44–47.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Leach, J. G. 1930. Potato blackleg: the survival of the pathogen in the soil and some factors influencing infection. Phytopath.20:215–228.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Leach, L. D., andA. E. Davey. 1938. Determining the sclerotial population ofSclerotium rolfsii by soil analysis and predicting losses of sugar beets on the basis of these analyses. J. Agr. Research56:619–631.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Lebeau, J. B., andC. E. Logsdon. 1958. Snow mold of forage crops in Alaska and Yukon. Phytopath.48:148–150.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Lederberc, J. 1948. Detection of fermentative variants with tetrazolium. J. Bacteriol.56:695.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Ledingham, R. J., andS. H. F. Chinn. 1955. A flotation method for obtaining spores ofHelminthosporium sativum from soil. Canad. J. Bot.33:298–303.

    Google Scholar 

  199. —, andP. M. Simmonds. 1953. A method of estimating numbers ofHelminthosporium sativum spores in soil. (Abstr.) Phytopath.43:478.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Legge, Betty J. 1952. Use of glass fibre material in soil mycology. Nature169:759–760.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Levine, M., andH. W. Schoenlein. 1930. A compilation of culture media for the cultivation of microorganisms. Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md. 969 p.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Levisohn, Ida. 1955. Isolation of ectotrophic mycorrhizal mycelia from rhizomorphs present in soil. Nature176:519.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Levykh, P. M. 1938. Methods for determining the degree of soil infestation with chlamydospores ofThielaviopsis basicola (Berk). Ferraris. The A. I. Micoyan Pan-Soviet Sci. Research Inst. Tobacco and Indian Tobacco Industry (VITIM), Krasnodar, Publ. 135, p. 13–22.

  204. Lewin, R. A. 1959. The isolation of algae. Rev. Algologique, N.S.,4: 181–197.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Linford, M. B. 1940. A miniature root-observation box. Phytopath.30: 348–349.

    Google Scholar 

  206. —. 1941. Parasitism of the root-knot nematode in leaves and stems. Phytopath.31:634–648

    Google Scholar 

  207. — 1942. Methods of observing soil flora and fauna associated with roots. Soil Sci.53:93–103.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Littman, M. L. 1947. A culture medium for the primary isolation of fungi. Science106:109–111.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. —. 1948. Growth of pathogenic fungi on a new culture medium. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.18:409–420.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Livingston, B. E. 1908. A new method for cultures of algae and mosses. Plant World11:183–184.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Lownsbery, B. F., andJ. W. Lownsbery. 1956. A procedure for testing the sterility of large numbers of nematodes after treatment with various sterilants. Plant Disease Reptr.40:989–990.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Luck, J. M., andGrace Sheets. 1931. The sterilization of protozoa. Arch. f. Protistenk.75:255–269.

    Google Scholar 

  213. ——, andJ. O. Thomas. 1931. The role of bacteria in the nutrition of protozoa. Quart. Rev. Biol.6:46–58.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Lund, J. W. G., andJ. F. Talling. 1957. Botanical limnological methods with special reference to the algae. Bot. Rev.23:489–583.

    Google Scholar 

  215. MacWithey, H. S. 1957. Another modification of the Chester tube method for examination of soil microflora. Rept. 36th Ann. Conv. N.W. Assoc. Hort., Entomol., and Plant Pathol., p. 5–6.

  216. McClung, L. S., andR. B. Lindberg. 1957. The study of obligately anaerobic bacteria, p. 120–139.In Manual of microbiological methods. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  217. McKee, R. K., andA. E. W. Boyd. 1952. Dry-rot disease of the potato. III. A biological method of assessing soil infectivity. Ann. Appl. Biol.39:44–53.

    Google Scholar 

  218. McLennan, E. 1928. The growth of fungi in soil. Ann. Appl. Biol.15: 95–109.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Macfadyen, A. 1953. Notes on methods for the extraction of small soil arthropods. J. Animal Ecol.22:65–77.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Machacek, J. E. 1934. A simple method of obtainingPythium cultures free from bacteria. Phytopath.24:301–303.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Malo, S. 1960. Comparative efficiencies of three methods for extracting nematodes from root and soil samples. Plant Disease Reptr.44:217–219.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Marsden, D. H. 1954. Studies of the creosote fungus,Hormodendrum resinae. Mycologia46:161–183.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Marshall, J. D., W. C. Eveland, andC. W. Smith. 1958. Superiority of fluorescein isothiocyanate (Riggs) for fluorescent-antibody technic with a modification of its application. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med.98: 898–900.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Martin, J. P. 1950. Use of acid, rose bengal, and streptomycin in the plate method for estimating soil fungi. Soil Sci.69:215–232.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Matthews, Annie. 1924. Partial sterilization of soil by antiseptics. J. Agr. Sci.14:1–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Menzies, J. D. 1960. Continuous-flow dilution of soil suspensions for microbial assay. Canad. J. Microbiol.6:583–589.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. —, andCaroline E. Dade. 1959. A selective indicator medium for isolatingStreptomyces scabies from potato tubers in soil. Phytopath.49:457–458.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Meredith, C. H. 1940. A quick method of isolating certain Phycomycetous fungi from soil. Phytopath.30:1055–1056.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Miller, J. J., D. J. Peers, andR. W. Neal. 1951. A comparison of the effects of several concentrations of oxgall in platings of soil fungi. Canad. J. Bot.29:26–31.

    Google Scholar 

  230. —, andN. S. Webb. 1954. Isolation of yeasts from soil with the aid of acid, rose bengal, and oxgall. Soil Sci.77:197–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Miller, P. M. 1955. V-8 juice agar as a general purpose medium for fungi and bacteria. Phytopath.45:461–462.

    Google Scholar 

  232. —. 1957. Cheap, disposable filters for nematode surveys. Plant Disease Reptr.41:192–193.

    Google Scholar 

  233. —. 1957. A method for the quick separation of nematodes from soil samples. Plant Disease Reptr.41:194.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Minami, K. 1958. Isolation of a soil coccus capable of utilizing ‘Tween 80’ as a sole source of carbon. Nature181:430–431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Minderman, G. 1956. The preparation of microtome sections of unaltered soil for the study of soil organisms in situ. Plant and Soil8: 42–48.

    Google Scholar 

  236. —. 1956. New techniques for counting and isolating free living nematodes from small soil samples and from oak forest litter. Nematologica1:216–226.

    Google Scholar 

  237. Morris, H. M. 1922. On a method of separating insects and other arthropods from the soil. Bull. Entomol. Research13:197–200.

    Google Scholar 

  238. Mountain, W. B. 1955. A method of culturing plant parasitic nematodes under sterile conditions. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash.22:49–52.

    Google Scholar 

  239. Mueller, K. E., andL. W. Durrell. 1957. Sampling tubes for soil fungi. Phytopath.47:243.

    Google Scholar 

  240. Muende, I., andP. Webb. 1937. Ringworm fungus growing as a saprophyte under natural conditions. Arch. Derm. Syph.36:987–990.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Muller, W. H. 1958. The influence of antibiotics on micro-organisms causing fruit and vegetable rots. Am. J. Bot.45:183–190.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Munro, F. L., andW. Newton. 1934. The inhibition of the growth of fungi by chemicals. Sci. Agr.14:560–564.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Myers, S. P. 1953. Marine fungi in Biscayne Bay, Florida. Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and Caribbean2:590–601.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Nadakavukaren, M. J., andC. E. Horner. 1959. An alcohol agar medium for determiningV erticillium microsclerotia in soil. Phytopath.49:527–528.

    Google Scholar 

  245. Naumann, E. 1925. Wasserwerkbiologie,9:(2): 229–232.In Abderhalden’s Handb. der biol., Arbeitsmethoden.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Needham, J. G. (Editor). 1937. Culture methods for invertebrate animals. Comstock Publishing Co., Inc., Ithaca, N. Y. 590 p.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Negroni, P. 1955. Fungi of the human bile, p. 117–118.In Therapy of fungus diseases. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  248. Oehler, R. 1919. Flagellaten und Ciliatenzucht auf reinem Boden. Arch. f. Protistenk.40:16–26.

    Google Scholar 

  249. —. 1924. Weitere Mitteilungen uber gereinigte Amoben und Ciliatenzucht. Arch. f. Protistenk.49:112–134.

    Google Scholar 

  250. Ogata, M. 1893. Ueber die Reinkultur gewisser Protozoen (Infusorien). Centralb. f. Bakteriol.14:165–169.

    Google Scholar 

  251. Ohms, R. E. 1957. A flotation method for collecting spores of a Phycomycetous mycorrhizal parasite from soil. Phytopath.47:751–752.

    Google Scholar 

  252. Orr, G. F. 1955. Personal communication.

  253. Overgaard, C. 1948. An apparatus for quantitative extraction of nematodes and rotifers from soil and moss. Natura Jutlandica1:271–272.

    Google Scholar 

  254. Overgaard, Nielsen, C. 1952. Studies on Enchytraeidae. I. A technique for extracting Enchytraeidae from soil sample. Oikos4:187–196.

    Google Scholar 

  255. Parpart, A. K. 1928. The bacteriological sterilization ofParamecium. Biol. Bull.55:113–120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Patel, M. K. 1926. An improved method of isolatingPseudomonas tumefaciens Sm. and Town. Phytopath.16:577.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Peltier, G. L. 1937. Distribution and prevalence ofOzonium root rot in the shelter-belt zone of Texas. Phytopath.27:145–158.

    Google Scholar 

  258. Phillips, G. B., andE. Hanel, Jr. 1950. Control of mold contaminants on solid media by the use of actidione. J. Bacteriol.60:104–105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Pigulevsky, M. C. 1930. Soil as an object for work in agriculture. Proc. 2nd Intern. Congr. Soil Sci.1:82–93.

    Google Scholar 

  260. Pramer, D. 1957. The influence of physical and chemical factors on the preparation of silica gel media. Appl. Microbiol.5:392–395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Pringsheim, E. G. 1946. Pure cultures of algae, their preparation and maintenance. Cambridge Univ. Press, London. 119 p.

    Google Scholar 

  262. Provasoli, L., J. J. McLaughlin, andM. R. Droop. 1957. The development of artificial media for marine algae. Arch. Mikrobiol.25:392–428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Purdy, W. C., andC. T. Butterfield. 1918. The effect of plankton animals upon bacterial death-rates. Am. J. Public Health8:499–505.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Rahn, O. 1945. Injury and death of bacteria by chemical agents, p. 84–100. Biodynamica, Normandy, Missouri.

    Google Scholar 

  265. Raper, J. R. 1937. A method of freeing fungi from bacterial contamination. Science85:342.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Raper, K. B. 1937. Growth and development ofDictyostelium discoideum with different bacterial associates. J. Agr. Research55:289–316.

    Google Scholar 

  267. Raw, F. 1955. A flotation extraction process for soil micro-arthropods, p. 341–346.In Soil zoology. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  268. Reed, G. B., andJ. H. Orr. 1943. Cultivation of anaerobes and oxidation-reduction potentials. J. Bacteriol.45:309–320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Reiss, F. 1953. Experimental mycotic infections in laboratory animals,2: 1052–1067.In Handbook of Tropical Dermatology and Medical Mycology. Elsevier Publishing Co., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  270. Roistacher, C. N., J. G. Bald, andK. F. Baker. 1957. 2, 3, 5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride as an indicator of germinability and dormancy of gladiolus cormels. Hilgardia26:685–704.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Romell, L. G. 1934. A blue stain for microorganisms in humus and in soil. Stain Technol.9:141–145.

    Google Scholar 

  272. Rossi, G., S. Riccardo, G. Gesue, M. Stanganelli, andT. K. Wang. 1936. Direct microscopic and bacteriological examination of the soil. Soil Sci.41:53–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Rybalkina, A. V., andE. V. Kononenko. 1956. La microflore active des sols. 6th Intern. Congr. Soil Sci. (Paris), C: 125–132.

  274. Sacks, L. E. 1956. A pH gradient agar plate. Nature178:269–270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Saitô, T. 1955. The significance of plate counts of soil fungi and the detection of their mycelia. Ecol. Rev.14:69–74

    Google Scholar 

  276. Salt, G., andF. S. J. Hollick. 1944. Studies of wireworm populations. I. A census of wireworms in pasture. Ann. Appl. Biol.31:52–64

    Google Scholar 

  277. Samuel, G. andS. D. Garrett. 1945. The infected root-hair count for estimating the activity ofPlasmodiophora brassicae Woron. in the soil. Ann. Appl. Biol.32:96–101

    Google Scholar 

  278. Sasser, J. N., andW. R. Jenkins (Editors). 1960. Nematology, fundamentals and recent advances. Univ. N. C. Press, Chapel Hill. 480 p.

    Google Scholar 

  279. Schatz, A., Vivian Schatz, andG. S. Trelawny. 1956. Antifungal properties of tetrazolium compounds. Mycologia48:473–483

    Google Scholar 

  280. Schneider, R. 1956. A selective medium for the routine isolation ofGraphium ulmi Schwarz. Plant Disease Reptr.40:816–821

    Google Scholar 

  281. Schöne, E. 1867. Ueber einen neuen Apparat für die Schlämmanalyse. Z. Anal. Chem.7:29–47

    Google Scholar 

  282. Schramm, J. R. 1914. Some pure culture methods in the algae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden (St. Louis)1:23–45

    Google Scholar 

  283. Schuurman, J. J., andM. A. J. Goedewaagen. 1955. A new method for the simultaneous preservation of profiles and root systems. Plant and Soil6:373–381

    Google Scholar 

  284. Scinhorst, I. J. W. 1955. Een eenvoudige methode voor het afscheiden van aaltjes vit ground. Tijdschr. over Plantenziekten61:188–190

    Google Scholar 

  285. —. 1956. The quantitative extraction of nematodes from soil. Nematologica1:249–267.

    Google Scholar 

  286. Severtzoff, L. B. 1924. Method of counting, culture medium and pure cultures of soil amoebae. Centralb. f. Bakteriol., Orig.92:151–158.

    Google Scholar 

  287. Sewell, G. W. F. 1956. A slide-trap method for the isolation of soil fungi. Nature177:708.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Shear, C. L., andB. O. Dodge. 1927. Life histories and heterothallism of the red bread-mold fungi of theMonilia sitophila group. J. Agr. Research34:1019–1042.

    Google Scholar 

  289. Shipe, E. L., Jr., andAdelaide Fields. 1954. A comparison of the molecular filtration technique with agar plate counting for enumeration ofEscherichia coli in various aqueous concentrations of zinc and copper sulfates. Appl. Microbiol.2:382–384.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Shirck, F. H. 1930. A soil washing device for use in wireworm investigations. J. Econ. Entomol.23:991–994.

    Google Scholar 

  291. Simmonds, P. M. 1930. A washing device for isolation work with plant material. Phytopath.20:911–913.

    Google Scholar 

  292. Singh, B. N. 1947. Myxobacteria in soils and composts: their distribution number and lytic action on bacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol.1:1–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. —,S. Mathew, andM. Sreenivasaya. 1956. Occurrence and nature of anAmoeba excystment factor produced byAerobacter sp. Nature177:621–622.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Siu, R. G. H. 1951. Microbial decomposition of cellulose, p. 106–111. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  295. Skinner, C. E. 1932. Isolation in pure culture of green algae from soil by a simple technique. Plant Physiol.7:533–537.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Sleeth, B. 1945. Agar medium and technique for isolatingPythium free of bacteria. Phytopath.35:1030–1031.

    Google Scholar 

  297. Smith, N. R. 1938. The partial sterilization of soil by chloropicrin. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.3:188.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. —, andVirginia T. Dawson. 1944. The bacteriostatic action of rose bengal in media used for plate counts of soil fungi. Soil Sci.58: 467–471.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Snieszko, S. F., andR. Bonde. 1943. Studies on the morphology, physiology, serology, longevity, and pathogenicity ofCorynebacterium sepedonicum. Phytopath.33:1032–1044.

    Google Scholar 

  300. Snyder, W. C., andH. N. Hansen. 1940. The species concept inFusarium. Am. J. Bot.27:64–67.

    Google Scholar 

  301. ——. 1941. The species concept inFusarium with reference to section Martiella. Am. J. Bot.28:738–742.

    Google Scholar 

  302. ——. 1947. Advantages of natural media and environments in the culture of fungi. Phytopath.37:420–421.

    Google Scholar 

  303. Sobels, J. C. 1948. Contribution a l’étude physiologique de myxomycétes. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris)75:147–155.

    Google Scholar 

  304. -. 1050. Nutrition de quelques myxomycétes en cultures pures et associées et leurs propriétés antibiotiques. Gouda, Koch, and Knuttel, Utrecht. 135 p.

  305. Southey, J. F. (Editor). 1952. Plant nematology. Ministry Agr. Fisheries Tech. Bull. 7, p. 161–168. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.

    Google Scholar 

  306. Spencer, C. P. 1952. On the use of antibiotics for isolating bacteriafree cultures of marine phytoplankton organisms. J. Marine Biol. Assoc. U. K.31:97–106.

    Google Scholar 

  307. Stanier, R. Y. 1942. The cultivation and nutrient requirements of a Chytridiaceous fungus,Rhizophlyctis rosea. J. Bacteriol.43:499–520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Staniland, L. N. 1954. A modification of the Baermann funnel technique for the collection of nematodes from plant material. J. Helminthol.28:115–117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Starr, M. P. 1956. Personal communication.

  310. Stewart, R. A., andK. F. Meyer. 1932. Isolation of Coccidioides immitis (Stiles) from the soil. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med.29:937–938.

    Google Scholar 

  311. Stockli, A. 1943. Über Methoden zur quantitativen Bestimmung der in Boden freilebenden Nematoden. Ber. d. Schweizerischen Bot. Ges.53A:160–174.

    Google Scholar 

  312. Stoller, B. B. 1957. An improved test for nematodes in the soil. Plant Disease Reptr.41:531–532.

    Google Scholar 

  313. Storm, L. W., Nancy S. Storm, andD. A. Dahlgren. 1960. A modification of the Büchner funnel method for transferring and concentrating nematodes. Plant Disease Reptr.44:450–532.

    Google Scholar 

  314. Stover, R. H. 1953. Measurement of colonization and survival of soil Fusaria in detached plant tissue. Nature172:465.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. —, andB. H. Waite. 1953. An improved method of isolatingFusarium spp. from plant tissue. Phytopath.43:700–701.

    Google Scholar 

  316. ——. 1954. Colonization of banana roots byFusarium oxysporum f.cubense and other soil fungi. Phytopath.44: 689–693.

    Google Scholar 

  317. Streets, R. B. 1937. Phymatotrichum. (cotton or Texas) root rot in Arizona. Ariz. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 71, p. 349.

  318. Strugger, S. 1948. Fluorescence microscope examination of bacteria in soil. Canad. J. Research, C26:188–193.

    Google Scholar 

  319. —. 1949. Fluoreszenzmikroskopie und Mikrobiologie. Verlag M. and H. Schaper, Hannover. 194 p.

    Google Scholar 

  320. Sykes, G. 1956. Constituents of bacteriological culture media. Cambridge Univ. Press, London. 33 p.

    Google Scholar 

  321. Szybalski, W. 1952. Gradient plate technique for study of bacterial resistance. Science116:46–48.

    Google Scholar 

  322. —, andV. Bryson. 1952. Genetic studies on microbial cross resistance to toxic agents I. Cross resistance ofEscherichia coli to fifteen antibiotics. J. Bacteriol.64:489–499.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Tarjan, A. C. 1960. Incubation of soil and root samples in polyethylene plastic for improved recovery of nematodes. Plant Disease Reptr.44: 31–35.

    Google Scholar 

  324. —,W. A. Simanton, andE. E. Russell. 1956. A labor-saving device for the collection of nematodes. Phytopath.46:641–644.

    Google Scholar 

  325. Tatum, E. L., R. W. Barratt, andV. M. Cutter, Jr. 1949. Chemical induction of colonial paramorphs inNeurospora andSyncephalastrum. Science109:509–511.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Taylor, A. L., andW. Q. Loegering. 1953. Nematodes associated with root lesions in abaca. Turrialba NS3 (1–2): 8–13.

    Google Scholar 

  327. Taylor, C. F. 1936. A method for the isolation of Actinomycetes from scab lesions on potato tubers and beet roots. Phytopath.26:387–388.

    Google Scholar 

  328. Taylor, C. V., andW. J. Van Wagtendonk. 1941. Growth studies ofColpoda duodenaria. I. Sterilization of the ciliates. Physiol. Zool.14: 431–436.

    Google Scholar 

  329. Tchan, Y. T. 1953. Study of soil algae. I. Fluorescence microscopy for the study of soil algae. Proc. Linnean Soc. N. S. Wales77:265–269.

    Google Scholar 

  330. —, andJill A. Whitehouse. 1953. Study of soil algae. II. The variation of the algal population in sandy soils. Proc. Linnean Soc. N. S. Wales78:160–170.

    Google Scholar 

  331. Thimann, K. V. 1955. The life of bacteria. Macmillan Co., New York. 775 p.

    Google Scholar 

  332. Thom, C. andK. B. Raper. 1945. A manual of theAspergilli, p. 43. Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  333. Thomasson, H. 1925. Methoden zur Untersuchung der Mikrophyten der limnischen Literal und Profundalzone,9 (2):681–712.In Abderhalden’s Handb. der biol., Arbeitsmethoden.

    Google Scholar 

  334. Thornton, H. G., andJane Meiklejohn. 1957. Soil microbiology. Ann. Rev. Microbiol.11:123–148.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  335. Thornton, R. H. 1952. The screened immersion plate: a method of isolating soil micro-organisms. Research5:190–191.

    Google Scholar 

  336. —. 1958. A soil fungus trap. Nature182:1690.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. Togashi, K. 1949. Biological characters of plant pathogens temperature relations. Meibundo Co., Tokyo. 478 p.

    Google Scholar 

  338. Tragardh, I. 1933. Methods of automatic collecting for studying the fauna of soil. Bull. Entomol. Research24:203–214.

    Google Scholar 

  339. Tsujitani, J. 1896. Ueber die Reinkulture der Amöben. Centralb. f. Bakteriol., Orig.24:666–670.

    Google Scholar 

  340. Tucker, C. M. 1931. Taxonomy of the genusPhytophthora de Bary. Mo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Research Bull. 153.

  341. Tullgren, A. 1917. En enkel apparat för automatiskt vittjande av sallgods. Entomol. Tidskr.38:97–100.

    Google Scholar 

  342. Tyler, Jocelyn. 1933. Reproduction without males in aseptic root cultures of the root-knot nematode. Hilgardia7:373–415.

    Google Scholar 

  343. Tyner, L. E. 1944. Effect of media composition on the numbers of bacterial and fungal colonies developing in Petri plates. Soil Sci.57:271–274.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  344. Vaataja, O. 1960. Selectivity of fungicidal materials in agar cultures. Phytopath.50:870–873.

    Google Scholar 

  345. Vanbreuseghem, R. 1952. Technique biologique pour l’isolement des dermatophytes du sol. Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop.32:173–178.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. —. 1952. Keratin digestion by dermatophytes: a specific diagnostic method. Mycologia44:176–182.

    Google Scholar 

  347. Vishniac, Helen S. 1955. The morphology and nutrition of a new species ofSirolpidium. Mycologia47:633–645.

    Google Scholar 

  348. Waid, J. S. 1956. Root dissection: a method of studying the distribution of active mycelia within root tissue. Nature178:1477–1478.

    Google Scholar 

  349. Waksman, S. A. 1916. Do fungi live and produce mycelium in the soil? Science44:320–322.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  350. —. 1922. A method for counting the number of fungi in the soil. J. Bacteriol.7:339–341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. —, andE. B. Fred. 1922. A tentative outline of the plate method for determining the number of microorganisms in the soil. Soil Sci.14: 27–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  352. —, andR. L. Starkey. 1923. Partial sterilization of soil, microbiological activities and soil fertility: I. Soil Sci.16:137–157.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  353. ——. 1923. Partial sterilization of soil, microbiological activities and soil fertility: II. Soil Sci.16:247–268.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. —,W. W. Umbreit, andT. C. Cordon. 1939. Thermophilic actinomycetes and fungi in soils and in composts. Soil Sci.47:37–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. Walker, J. T., andJ. D. Wilson. 1960. The separation of nematodes from soil by a modified Baermann funnel technique. Plant Disease Reptr.44:94–97.

    Google Scholar 

  356. Warcup, J. H. 1950. The soil-plate method for isolation of fungi from soil. Nature166:117–118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  357. —. 1951. Soil-steaming: a selective method for the isolation of ascomycetes from soil. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.34:515–518.

    Google Scholar 

  358. —. 1955. Isolation of fungi from hyphae present in soil. Nature175:953–954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  359. —. 1959. Distribution and detection of root-disease fungi, p. 317–326.In Plant pathology problems and progress 1908–1958. Univ. Wis. Press. Madison.

    Google Scholar 

  360. —. 1957. Studies on the occurrence and activity of fungi in a wheat-field soil. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.40:237–262.

    Google Scholar 

  361. Warren, J. 1957. The detection of bacterial pathogenicity, p. 224–245.In Manual of microbiological methods. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  362. Watson, S. W., andE. J. Ordal. 1957. Techniques for the isolation ofLabyrinthula andThraustochytrium in pure culture. J. Bacteriol.73: 589–590.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  363. Weinberg, E. D. 1957. Double-gradient agar plates. Science125:196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  364. West, J. A. 1957. Recommended changes in recovery techniques for burrowing nematode. Plant Disease Reptr.41:600–602.

    Google Scholar 

  365. White, G. D. 1957. The practicability of flotation as a means for detecting internal insect infestation in wheat. Down to Earth13 (3): 8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  366. White, W. L., G. R. Mandels, andR. G. H. Siu. 1950. Fungi in relation to the degradation of woolen fabrics. Mycologia42:199–223.

    Google Scholar 

  367. Wilhelm, S. 1950. Vertical distribution ofVerticillium albo-atrum in soils. Phytopath.40:368–376.

    Google Scholar 

  368. —. 1956. A sand-culture technique for the isolation of fungi associated with roots. Phytopath.46:293–295.

    Google Scholar 

  369. Williams, C. B. 1913. The Berlese funnel. Entomologist46:273–274.

    Google Scholar 

  370. Williams, T. D., andR. D. Winslow. 1955. A synopsis of some laboratory techniques used in the quantitative recovery of cyst-forming and other nematodes from soil, p. 375–384.In Soil zoology. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  371. Winogradsky, S. 1924. Sur l’étude microscopique du sol. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.179:367–371.

    Google Scholar 

  372. —. 1925. Études sur la microbiologie du sol. I. Sur la méthode. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris)39:299–354.

    Google Scholar 

  373. Winslow, A. C. 1953. The role of the molecular filter membrane in the field of public health. Am. J. Public Health43:766–768.

    Google Scholar 

  374. Wood, F. A., andR. D. Wilcoxson. 1960. Another screened immersion plate for isolating fungi from soil. Plant Disease Reptr.44:594.

    Google Scholar 

  375. Yarwood, C. E. 1946. Isolation ofThielaviopsis basicola from soil by means of carrot disks. Mycologia38:346–348.

    Google Scholar 

  376. Young, T. W. 1954. An incubation method for collecting migratory endo-parasitic nematodes. Plant Disease Reptr.38:794–795.

    Google Scholar 

  377. Zentmyer, G. A., J. D. Gilpatrick, andW. A. Thorn. 1960. Methods of isolatingPhytophthora cinnamomi from soil and from host tissue. (Abstr.) Phytopath.50:87.

    Google Scholar 

  378. Zimmermann, A. 1921. Recherches expérimentale sur l’élévage aseptique de l’anguelle du vinaigreAnguillula oxophila Schneider. Rev. Suisse Zool.28:357–380.

    Google Scholar 

  379. ZoBell, C. E., andCatharine B. Feltham. 1938. The influence of temperature on the activities of marine bacteria. (Abstr.) J. Bacteriol.36: 452.

    Google Scholar 

  380. —, andF. H. Johnson. 1949. The influence of hydrostatic pressure on the growth and viability of terrestrial and marine bacteria. J. Bacteriol.57:179–189.

    Google Scholar 

  381. —, andJ. H. Long. 1938. Studies on the isolation of bacteriafree cultures of marine phytoplankton. J. Marine Research1:328–334.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Pathology and Botany, Institute of Agriculture, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 1, Minnesota

    Richard D. Durbin

Authors
  1. Richard D. Durbin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Paper No. 1020, Miscellaneous Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Durbin, R.D. Techniques for the observation and isolation of soil microorganisms. Bot. Rev 27, 522–560 (1961). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860105

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860105

Keywords

Search

Navigation