Literature Cited
Adam, D. B. 1923. Experiments in the storage of fruit. Jour. Dep. Agr. Victoria (Australia)21: 178–185.
— 1924. Experiments in the storage of fruit-bitter pit. Jour. Dep. Agr. Victoria (Australia)22: 577–590.
Allen, F. W. 1931. Maturity and rate of ripening of Gravenstein apples in relation to bitter pit development. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.28: 639–645.
- &E. Torpen. 1950. Gravenstein apple storage tests. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 716, 23 pp.
Allison, J. 1898. Treatment of bitter pit in apples. Agr. Gaz. New South Wales9: 561.
Arlt, K. 1964. Stippigkeit by Apfeln. Obstbau Berlin4: 172–174.
Arnaud, Y. 1963. Cytochemical studies on Winter Banana apples affected by bitter pit. Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr. France49: 407–410.
Askew, H. O. 1935. The boron status of fruit and leaves in relation to “internal cork” of apples in the Nelson district. New Zealand Jour. Sci. Tech.17: 388.
—,et al. 1959. Chemical investigations on bitter pit of applies, I. New Zealand Agr. Res.2: 1167–1186.
—,et al. 1960a. Chemical investigations on bitter pit of apples, II. New Zealand Agr. Res.3: 141–148.
—,et al. 1960b. Chemical investigations on bitter pit of apples, III. New Zealand Agr. Res.3: 169–178.
—, &E. Chittenden. 1936. The use of borax in the control of “internal cork” in apples. Jour. Pom. Hort. Sci.14: 227–245.
—,J. Watson, &E. T. Chittenden. 1958. Mineral and nitrogen content of Cox Orange apples in relation to incidence of bitter pit. Ann. Rep. Cawthorn, Inc.,1957-1958: 35–37.
Atanasoff, D. 1934a. Bitter pit of apples. Yearbook Univ. Sofia, Agr. Fac. (1933–1934)12: 31–67. (Hort. Abstr.4: 216. 1934.)
— 1934b. Is bitter pit of apples a virus? Phytopath. Zeitschr.7: 145–168.
— 1935. Bitter pit of apples is a virus disease. Phytopath. Zeitschr.13: 1–8.
Atkinson, J. D. 1935. Progress report on the investigation of corky pit of apples. New Zealand Jour. Sci. Tech.16: 316–319.
— 1937a. Progress report on the control of corky pit of apples. New Zealand Jour. Sci. Tech.19: 459–461.
— 1937b. The effect of boron on bitter pit of apples. New Zealand Jour. Sci. Tech.19: 461–463.
— 1938. Residual effect of boron soil dressing on internal cork of apples. New Zealand Jour. Sci. Tech.20: 909–914.
— 1947. A note on crinkle in New Zealand apples. New Zealand Jour. Sci. Tech.28: 332–334.
Babel, A. 1931. Stippigkrankheit der Apfel. Erfürt. Führ. Obstu. Gartenbau32:265–266.
Barden, J. A. 1964. Developmental anatomy of vascular tissues in the York Imperial apple with special emphasis on the pedicel. Diss. Abstr.24: 4935.
—, &A. H. Thompson. 1963. Developmental anatomy of vascular tissues of York Imperial apple. Maryland Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.A-131, pp. 1–53.
Barker, J. 1928. Wastage in Australian fruit exported to England. Jour. Counc. Sci. Ind. Res. Australia1: 261–267.
-. 1930a. Wastage in imported fruit: its nature, extent and prevention. Food Inv. Board (Great Britain) Spec. Rep. 38, 23 pp.
-. 1930b. The prevention of wastage in New Zealand apples. Food Inv. Board (Great Britain) Spec. Rep. 39, 41 pp.
— 1932. Wastage in New Zealand fruit. Food Inv. Board (Great Britain) Ann. Rep.1932: 87.
-. 1934. An annotated bibliography of bitter pit. Imperial Bureau Fruit Production, Occ. Pap. No. 3, pp. 1–22.
Barnicoat, C. R. 1963. Results from foliar spraying of minor elements on apple trees. Bienn. Rep. Cawthorn, Inc.,1961-1963: 29–30.
Baudys, E. 1929. Fytopathologicke poznamky V. Ochrana Rostlin9: 108–128. (Rev. Appl. Myc.10: 78. 1931.)
Baxter, P. 1960. Bitter pit of apples: effect of calcium sprays. Jour. Dep. Agr. Victoria (Australia)58: 801–811.
— 1962. Bitter pit of apples. Outlook on Agriculture3: 274–277.
Beyers, E. 1962. Control of bitter pit in apples. Deciduous Fruit Grower12: 281–285.
—, &P. J. Dempers. 1967. Calcium sprays in apple orchards. Deciduous Fruit Grower17: 49–58.
Bois, D. 1918. Le water core et le bitter pit des pommes. Bull. Soc. Nat. Acclim. France8: 1–35.
Boon, J. van der, A. Das, &A. C. van Schreven. 1962. Bestrijding van stip in appels in het bijzonder opvoering van calcium-voeding. Fruitteelt52: 161–163.
Bould, C., &J. Tolhurst. 1951. A note on boron in relation to bitter pit in apples. Ann. Rep. Long Ashton Agr. Hort. Res. Sta.1950: 54–56.
Bouhier, R. 1962. Observations on bitter pit in apples. Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr. France48: 817–820.
Breidahl, H. C., &A. C. H. Rothera. 1915. Bitter pit and sensitivity of apples to poisons. Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria (Australia)27: 191–197.
Breviglieri, N. 1948. Indagini ed osservazioni sulla conzervazione delle mele in Palestina. Riv. Ortofrutt. Ital.32: 159–161.
Britton, J. E., D. V. Fisher, &R. C. Palmer. 1943. The influence of some horticultural practices on bitter pit in Okanagan grown apples. Sci. Agr.23: 651–675.
Brooks, C. 1908. The fruit spot of apples. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club35: 423–456.
— 1909. Some apple diseases–fruit pit. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.144, p. 119.
— 1912. Some apple diseases and their treatment. Bitter pit. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.157, pp. 13–15.
— 1928. The diseases of apples which occur in storage. Amer. Inst. Refng. Proc.17: 121–125.
—, &D. F. Fisher. 1914. Jonathan spot, bitter pit and Stigmonose. Phytopathology4: 402–403.
——. 1915. Spot diseases of the apple. Proc. Wash. State Hort. Soc.12: 45–51.
——. 1916a. Spot diseases of apple causing much general confusion. Better Fruit10 (8): 13–15.
——. 1916b. Irrigation and bitter pit. Phytopathology6: 111.
——. 1918. Irrigation experiments on apple spot diseases. Jour. Agr. Res.12: 109–137.
——. 1926. Some high temperature effects in apples. Jour. Agr. Res.32: 1–16.
-,J. S. Cooley, &D. F. Fisher. 1926. Diseases of apples in storage. U.S. Dep. Agr., Farmer’s Bull. 1160, 24 pp.
Brown, J. W. 1926. Chemical studies in the physiology of apples. Ann. Bot. (London)40: 129–147.
Buchloch, G. 1960. Entstehung und Verhinderung der Stippigkeit by Apfeln. Erwerbsobstbau2: 227–229.
—,P. Baxter, &J. Newbeller. 1961. Zur Ätiologie der Stippigkeit von Apfelfrüchten, II. Angew. Bot.35: 259–262.
BÜnemann, G. 1959. Zusammenhänge zwischen Stickstoff and Kationgehalt und Auftreten von Stippigkeit by Apfeln verschiedener Sorten und Herkunfte. Gartenbauwissenschaft24: 330–333.
— 1960. Der Stickstoffgehalt im Gewebe Stippiger Apfel. Zeitschr. Pflanzenernähr., Düngung, Bodenk.89: 188–190.
— 1962. Current research on the problem of bitter pit of apples. Inst. Agr. Gembloux Hort. Ser. Bull.1962: 1162–1166.
Burrell, A. B. 1931. The cork and rosette diseases of apple in the Champlain Valley of New York. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell Univ., 180 pp.
— 1934. Effect of irrigation on the occurrence of a form of cork disease and on the size of apple fruits. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.30: 415–420.
— 1936. Boron treatment for a physiogenic apple disease. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.34: 199–205.
—, 1937. Control of internal cork of apple with boron. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.35: 169–175.
— 1940. The boron deficiency disease of apple. New York State Agr. Ext. Bull.428, p. 28.
—,D. Boynton, &A. D. Crowe. 1956. Boron content of apples in relation to deficiency symptoms and to methods and timing of treatments. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.67: 37–46.
Butijn, J., &J. A. Leven. 1956. En beregeningsproef in de fruitteelt op zeeklei. Meded. Dir. Tuinb.19: 356–368.
Butler, O. R. 1928. Plant disease investigations at the New Hampshire station. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 232, p. 10.
-, &S. Dunn. 1941. Studies on the bitter pit disease of apples. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 78, 10 pp.
Cain, J. C., &C. B. Shear. 1964. Nutrient deficiencies in deciduous tree fruits and nuts.In: “Hunger Signs in Crops” (3rd edition), ed. by H. B. Sprague, D. McKay Co., New York, pp. 287–326.
Campbell, A. I., &L. C. Luckwill. 1962. A transmission experiment with bitter pit of apple. Jour. Hort. Sci.37: 295–298.
Carmody, P. J. 1910. Bitter pit. Dep. Agr. Victoria (Australia) Rep.1907-1910: 221.
Carne, W. M. 1927. Preliminary note on a theory as to the origin of bitter pit in apples. Jour. Dep. Agr. W. Australia4: 382.
— 1928. Bitter pit in apples. Jour. Counc. Sci. & Ind. Res. Australia 1: 358–365.
— 1932. The export of Australian apples. Suggested improvements of present methods. Jour. Counc. Sci. & Ind. Res. Australia5: 40–46.
— 1948. The nonparasitic disorders of apple fruits in Australia. Bull. Commonw. Sci. & Ind. Res. Org. (Australia)238: 81.
—, &D. Martin. 1934. Apple investigations in Tasmania I. The virus theory of bitter pit. Bull. Commonw. Sci. & Ind. Res. Org. (Australia)7: 203–214.
—,H. A. Pittman, &H. G. Elliot. 1929. Bitter pit of apple in Australia. Bull. Commonw. Sci. & Ind. Res. Org. (Australia)4: 1–23.
———. 1930. Notes on wastage of stored apples. Bull. Commonw. Sci. & Ind. Res. Org. (Australia)3: 167–182, 193–203.
—,H. A. Pittman, &H. G. Elliot. 1931. Present position of the bitter pit problem in Australia. Proc. First Imp. Hort. Conference (1930)3: 37–49.
Chittenden, E. T. 1960. Investigations on bitter pit in apples. Ann. Rep. Cawthorn, Inc.,1959-1960: 25–26. (Hort. Abstr.31: 4037. 1961.)
— 1964. Further investigations with calcium nitrate on apple trees. Orchard37: 401.
—, &R. H. K. Thompson. 1938. Effect of borax top dressing on the storage quality of Jonathan apples. New Zealand Jour. Sci. Tech.19: 541–546.
——. 1940. The effect of borax on the storage quality of Jonathan apples. New Zealand Jour. Sci. Tech.21: 353–356.
Clinton, G. B. 1903. Baldwin spot. Connecticut Exp. Sta. Rep.1903: 302.
Cobb, N. A. 1892a. An obscure disease. Agr. Gaz. New South Wales3: 284.
— 1892b. Another obscure disease of the apple. Agr. Gaz. New South Wales3: 1004.
— 1895. Bitter pit of apple. Agr. Gaz. New South Wales6: 859–861.
— 1897. Cause of an important disease of the apple. Agr. Gaz. New South Wales8: 126, 221.
— 1898a. Brown or bitter pit. Agr. Gaz. New South Wales9: 683.
— 1898b. Bitter pit. Agr. Gaz. New South Wales9: 663.
— 1903. Stigmonose. Agr. Gaz. New South Wales14: 692.
Cockayne, A. H. 1937. Effect of boron on apple diseases. Ann. Rep. New Zealand Dep. Sci. & Ind. Res.12: 40–45.
Conway, T. 1960. Reducing incidence of bitter pit in apples. New Zealand Jour. Agr.100: 28.
Corneliessen, M. 1964. Reflexions a propos du bitter pit. Congr. Pom. Soc. France, Bordeaux 1963, pp. 96–102. (Hort. Abstr.35: 5212. 1965.)
Crabill, C. H., &H. E. Thomas. 1916. Stippen and spray injury. Phytopathology6: 51–54.
Craig, J. 1897. A dry rot of apples. Can. Exp. Farm. Rep.1897: 171–172.
Cummings, M. B., &R. G. Dunning. 1940. Bitter pit of apple I. Vermont Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 467, p. 30
Darnell-Smith, G. P., &E. Mackinnon. 1915. Fungus and other diseases of the apple. Bitter pit. Agr. Gaz. New South Wales26: 51.
Das, A., J. van der Boon, &A. C. van Schreven. 1964. Bestrijding van stip in appels van Cox’s Orange. Fruitteelt54: 900–902.
Davis, R. A. 1907. Bitter pit in Cape apples. Kew Bull. Misc. Inf.142: 144.
DeLong, W. A. 1936. Variations in the chief ash constituents of apples affected with blotchy cork. Plant Physiol.11: 453–456.
— 1937. Calcium and boron related to blotch cork. Plant Physiol.12: 552–556.
Dennis, R. W. G. 1937. Boron and plant life II. Jour. Fert. Feeding Stuffs and Farm Supplies, Sept. 8.
—, &D. G. O’Brien. 1936. Boron in agriculture. Res. Bull. West Scotland Agr. Coll., Plant Husb. Dep.,5: 1–8.
Diakonoff, M. 1910. Stippigkeit der Apfel. Zeitschr. Pflanzenkrankh.20: 464, 482.
Dillon, W. J. 1964. Bitter pit of Gravenstein. Victorian Horticultural Digest (Australia)8: 9–10.
Drake, M., et al. 1966. Bitter pit as related to calcium levels in Baldwin apple fruit and leaves. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.89: 23–29.
Dunlap, D. B., &A. H. Thompson. 1959. Effect of boron sprays on the development of bitter pit in the York Imperial apple. Maryland Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. A-102, 31 pp.
Elkins, D. 1912. Bitter pit in apples. The Garden76: 142.
Ekstrand, H. 1941. Forsok med borax medel mot pricksjuka hos apple. Vaxtskyddsnotiser (Stockholm)1: 6–11. (Rev. Appl. Myc.20: 412. 1941.)
Esberg, N. 1935. Priksyge paa Aebler. Tidsskr. Planteavl.40: 644–646.
Evans, I. B. 1909. Bitter pit of the apple. Transvaal Dep. Agr. (Pretoria) Tech. Bull.1, 15 pp.
-. 1911. Bitter pit of the apple. South Afr. Dep. Agr. Tech. Bull.2, 18 pp.
— 1932. Arable farming and pasture problems. VI. Low temperature research. Farming in South Africa7: 349.
Ewart, A. J. 1912. On bitter pit and the sensitivity of apples to poisons. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. (Australia), N.S.,24: 367–419.
— 1914a. On bitter pit and the sensitivity of apples to poisons. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. (Australia), N.S.,26: 12–44.
— 1914b. On bitter pit and the sensitivity of apples to poisons. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. (Australia), N.S.,26: 228–242.
— 1915. On bitter pit and the sensitivity of apples to poisons. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. (Australia), N.S.,27: 342–349.
— 1917. Cause of bitter pit. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. (Australia), N.S.,30: 15–20.
Farmer, J. B. 1906. Diseased apples from the Cape of Good Hope. Kew Bull. Misc. Inf.5: 193–196.
— 1907. Bitter pit in Cape apples. Kew Bull. Misc. Inf.6: 250.
Faust, Miklos, C. B. Shear, &C. B. Smith. 1967. Investigation of corking disorders of apples. I. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.91: 69–72.
———. 1968. Investigation of corking disorders of apples. II. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.92: 82–88.
-, & -. 1968. Investigations of corking disorders of apples. III. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. (in press).
Feucht, W., &M. Aranciba. 1965. Über Mineralstoffe in stippigen Apfeln. Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg. Ser. B.15: 239–243.
—, &C. Waldes. 1964. Untersuchungen an stippigen Apfeln. Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg. Ser. B.14: 233–241.
Fisher, D. F. 1920. Drought spot and related physiologic diseases. Proc. Wash. State Hort. Ass.16: 35–39.
Fritzske, R. 1955. Über die Korkkrankheit an Glockenapfeln. Schweiz. Zeitschr. Obstu. Weinbau64: 193–198.
Gardner, M. W. 1928. Indiana plant diseases. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci.1927: 37.
Garman, P., &W. J. Mathis. 1956. Studies of mineral balance of Baldwin spot in Connecticut. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.601, pp. 1–9.
Gerristen, J. D. 1960. Stip en bespviting met metstoffen. Fruitteelt50: 467.
Ginsburg, L. 1962. Bitter pit should no longer threaten the good name of South African apples. Deciduous Fruit Grower12: 239–244.
—, &E. Beyers. 1963. Bitter pit can be reduced to a minimum by present techniques. Deciduous Fruit Grower13: 236–242.
Gold, H. 1931. Beobachtungen uber Stippigwerden des Apfels. Erfürt. Führ. Obstu. Gartenbau32: 305.
Gorini, F. L. 1963a. Estimating the degree of ripeness for harvesting Gravenstein apples. Frutticultura25: 429–439.
— 1963b. Concimazione diagnostica fogliare e conservabilita delle mele. Progr. Agr. Bologna9: 1073–1079.
— 1964a. Diagnostica fogliare e conservabilita delle mele Renetta del Canada. Frutticultura26: 89–96.
— 1964b. Qualita delle mele e practiche agronomiche. Riv. Ortoflorofruttic. Ital.48: 63–74.
Greig-Smith, R. 1911. Note on bitter pit of apples. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales36: 158.
Griffiths, A. 1911. Bitter pit in apples. Agr. Gaz. Tasmania19: 290.
Güssow, H. T. 1906. Stippen diseases of plants. Jour. Roy. Soc. Agr. Engl.67: 259–261.
— 1911. Report of the Dominion Botanist. Fruit pit or bitter pit of apples. Can. Exp. Farms Rep.1911: 244.
— 1918. Drought injury to McIntosh apple. Phytopathology8: 489–491.
Hall, E. G., S. M. Sykes, &S. A. Trout. 1953. Effect of skin coatings on the behavior of apples in storage. II. Australian Jour. Agr. Res., pp. 264–282.
Heald, F. D. 1920. Nonparasitic diseases of the apple in Washington. Proc. Wash. State Hort. Ass.16: 146–158.
Heinicke, A. J. 1921. The seed content and the position of the fruit as factors influencing stippen in apples. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.17: 225–232.
—,D. Boynton, &W. Reuther. 1939. Cork experimentally produced in Northern Spy apples. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.37: 47–52.
Herbert, D. A. 1922. Bitter pit of apples. The crushed cell theory. Phytopathology12: 489–491.
Heweston, F. N. 1965. The effect of boron, calcium, hormones and fertilizers on the incidence of York spot. Pennsylvania Fruit News44: 13–15.
— 1966. Further research on the effects of boron, calcium and growth substances on the incidence of York spot in the York Imperial apple. Pennsylvania Fruit News46: 32–35.
Hewitt, A. A. 1963. The effect of boron sprays on the translocation of endogenous carbohydrates as measured by C14 sucrose in the York Imperial apple tree. Diss. Abstr.23: 3063.
Hilkenbaumer, F. 1966. Calcium uptake and content in apple fruits. Proc. 17th Int. Hort. Congr. Vol.1: 158.
—,G. Buchloch, &A. Zachariae. 1960 Zur Äthiologie der Stippigkeit von Apfelfrüchten I. Angew. Bot.34: 38–45.
—, &W. O’Daniel. 1962. Über die Wirkung von Kalciumsalzen auf den Befall von Stippigkeit und Faulniss by Apfeln. Erwerbsobstbau1: 67–70.
—, &G. Reinken. 1959. Erkentnisse über das Auftreten der Stippigkeit by Apfeln in Jahre 1958 und vorbeugende Möglichkeiten zu ihre Verneidung. Erwerbsobstbau1: 67–70.
Hill, H. 1952. Foliage analysis as a means of determining orchard fertilizer requirements. Proc. 13th Int. Hort. Congr. London. (Hort. Abstr.23: 208. 1953.)
—, &M. B. Davis. 1936. Physiological disorder of apples. Sci. Agr.17: 199–208.
—, &M. MacArthur. 1950. Nutrition and soil management studies. Progr. Rep. Div. Hort. Exp. Farm, Ottawa, 1934-1948, pp. 96–123. (Hort. Abstr.21: 309. 1951.)
Hockley, J. F. 1932. Gravenstein spot scald. Sci. Agr.15: 225–227.
Hohmann, G. 1963. Über das Lagerverhalten verschiedener Apfelsorten in Abhangigkeit von unterschieldlich hohen Stickstoffgaben. Erwerbsobstbau5: 187–188.
Hutton, K. E. 1947. Bitter pit of pome fruits. Agr. Gaz. New South Wales58: 205–208.
Jackson, D. I. 1961. Bitter pit reduced by calcium nitrate. Orchard34: 215–218.
— 1962. The effects of calcium and other materials on incidence of bitter pit in Cox’s Orange apples. New Zealand Agr. Res.5: 302–309.
Jackson, H. S. 1913. Diseases of pomaceous fruits. Fruit pit. Oregon Crop Pest & Hort. Bienn. Rep.1911-1912: 234–236.
Jager, G. 1869. Über das Pelzig oder Stippigwerden der Kernobstfruit. Illustr. Monatshefte für Obstu. Weinbau, pp. 318–319.
Janson, A. 1929. Stippe der Kernobstfrüchte. Gartenflora78: 241–242.
Johansson, E. 1956. Pricksjuka-gloeosporiumrota. Fruktodlaren27: 61–65.
Jomalainen, E. A. 1936. The effect of boron on the occurrence of cork disease in apples. Finland State Agr. Exp. Act. Publ.89: 5.
Jones, L. R. 1891. A spot disease of the Baldwin apple. Vermont Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep.5: 133–134.
—, &W. A. Orton. 1899. The brown spot of the Baldwin apple. Vermont Agr. Exp, Sta. Rep.12: 159–164.
Jones, R. G. Wyn, &O. R. Lunt. 1967. The function of calcium in plants. Bct. Rev.33: 407–423.
Kaiser, P. 1923. Die Stippfleckenkrankheiten der Apfel. Gartenwelt27: 204–205.
Kaven, G. 1928. Die Stippe der Apfel. Die Kranke Pflanze5: 187. (Rev. Appl. Myc.8: 252. 1929.)
Keijer, E. J., &H. P. Dijksterhuis. 1956. Bewaarziekten bij appels I. Meded. Dir. Tuinb.19: 396–400.
Kepka, M. 1964. Induced cork spot and bitter pit in the Richared Delicious apple as related to nutrient levels of potassium, calcium, magnesium and boron. Diss. Abstr.25:2150–2151.
Kidd, F., &M. N. Kidd. 1927. Gas storage of fruit. Food Inv. Board (Great Britain) Spec. Rep. 30, 30 pp.
-, &C. West. 1923. Brown heart, a functional disease of apples and pears. Food Inv. Board (Great Britain) Spec. Rep.12, 53 pp.
-, & -. 1925. Functional diseases of apples in cold storage. Food Inv. Board (Great Britain) Spec. Rep.23, 15 pp.
Kidson, E. B., E. T. Chittenden, &J. M. Brooks. 1963. Chemical investigations on bitter pit of apples IV. New Zealand Agr. Res.6: 43–46.
Kirk, T. W. 1898. Bitter pit. Dep. Agr. New Zealand, 6th Ann. Rep.1898: 186.
-. 1911. Bitter pit of apples. Dep. Agr. New Zealand, 19th Ann. Rep., p. 164.
Lafar, F. 1898. Technical mycology. Griffin & Co., London,1: 403.
Lamson, L. 1897. Experiments in the treatment of fungous diseases of fruits. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.45, p. 45.
-. 1899. Notes on apple and potato diseases in 1898. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 65.
Latimer, L. P. 1930. The relation of cultural practices to a marked outbreak of cork in McIntosh apples in Northern New England. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.26: 149–150.
Levy, B. F. G., &W. A. Roach. 1937. Preliminary injection experiments on bitter pit in apples. Ann. Rep. East Mailing Res. Sta.20: 183–184.
— 1947. Suspected boron deficiency in apples in Britain. Ann. Rep. East Mailing Res. Sta.1946: 95–98.
Lewis, C. I. 1915. Fruit-pit studies in the Willamette Valley for 1913–1914. Oregon Bienn. Crop, Pest & Hort. Rep.2: 35–37.
Lounsbury, C. P. 1910. Bitter Pit. Agr. Jour. Cape of Good Hope37: 150.
MacArthur, M. 1940. Histology of some physiological disorders of the apple fruit. Can. Jour. Res., Sect. C,18: 26–39.
Macoun, W. A. 1899. Dry rot, brown spot, Baldwin spot of the apple. Can. Exp. Farms Rep. 96.
Magness, J. R. 1938. Control of internal cork by boron application. Proc. 42nd Ann. Meeting Virginia Hort. Soc.1938: 132–142.
— 1940a. Control of internal cork of apples by boron applications. Pennsylvania Hort. Ass. News17: 74–75.
— 1940b. Application of boron for internal cork. Eastern Fruit Grower3: 5, 14.
— 1942. Control of internal cork by boron application. Eastern Fruit Grower5: 1, 5, 14.
—,et al. 1936. Effect of nutritional treatment on internal cork of apples. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.34: 206–209.
Maier, W. 1941. Stippigkeit und Bormangelkrankheiten by Apfeln. Gartenbauwissenschaft15: 427–452.
Martin, D. 1953. Variations between apple fruits and its relation to keeping quality I. Australian Jour. Agr. Res.4: 235–248.
— 1954a. Variations between apple fruits and its relation to keeping quality II. Australian Jour. Agr. Res.5: 9–36.
— 1954b. Variations between apple fruits and its relation to keeping quality III. Australian Jour. Agr. Res.5: 392–421.
-, &W. M. Carne. 1950. Annual report for the year ending 30 June 1950. XII, Food. Commonw. Sci. & Ind. Res. Org. (Australia), Div. Plant Ind. Rep. No.12.
—,T. L. Lewis, &J. C. Cerny. 1960. Bitter pit in the apple variety Cleopatra in Tasmania in relation to calcium and magnesium. Australian Jour. Agr. Res.11: 742–749.
———. 1965. Experiments with orchard spray treatment for the control of bitter pit in apples in Tasmania. Commonw. Sci. & Ind. Res. Org. (Australia), Div. Plant Ind., Tech. Pap.22, pp. 1–15.
—,G. C. Wade, &J. M. Rolls. 1964. The effect of crop size and low levels of major elements on fruit characteristics and incidence of storage pit in Sturmer pippin apples in pot experiments. Australian Jour. Exp. Agr. Anim. Husb.4: 260–264.
——, &K. Stockhouse. 1962. Bitter pit in the apple variety Sturmer in a pot experiment using low levels of major elements. Australian Jour. Exp. Agr. Anim. Husb.2: 92–96.
Massee, G. 1906. Plant diseases—diseased apples from Cape of Good Hope. Kew Bull. Misc. Inf.6: 193–195.
Mattus, G. E. 1963. Cork spot and bitter pit of apples. Virginia Fruit51: 35–40.
Mayer, H. 1931. Die Stippfleckenkrankheit der Apfel und Kalk. Erfürt. Führ. Obstu. Gartenbau32: 185.
McAlpine, D. 1904. Report of vegetable pathologist. Bitter pit. Jour. Dep. Agr. Victoria (Australia)2: 851.
— 1909. Report on bitter pit of apple. Jour. Dep. Agr. Victoria (Australia)7:439.
— 1910. Bitter pit. Jour. Dep. Agr. Victoria (Australia)8: 201.
— 1912a. Bitter pit in apples. The Garden76: 119.
-. 1912b. Past history and present position of bitter pit question. Melbourne, First Progr. Rep. Commonw. Australia, pp. 111–117.
— 1913. The cause of bitter pit, its contributing factors. Melbourne, Progr. Rep. Commonw. Australia2: 96–97.
— 1914. Bitter pit investigation. Control of bitter pit in the growing fruit. Melbourne, Progr. Rep. Commonw. Australia3: 176.
— 1915. Bitter pit investigations. The experimental results in relation to bitter pit. Melbourne, Progr. Rep. Commonw. Australia4: 178.
— 1916. Bitter pit investigations. Cause and control of bitter pit. Melbourne, Progr. Rep. Commonw. Australia5: 116.
— 1921. Bitter pit in apples and pears. Phytopathology11: 366–370.
McLarty, H. R. 1925. Report of Dominion Botanist for 1924. Can. Dep. Agr., Div. Botany, pp. 72–78. (Rev. Appl. Myc.5: 536. 1926.)
— 1928. Physiological diseases of apples in British Columbia. Sci. Agr.8: 636–650.
— 1936. Tree injections with boron and other materials as a control for drought spot and corky core of apple. Sci. Agr.16: 625–633.
— 1940. British Columbia uses boron for fruit. Better Crops with Plant Food14: 8–11.(Rev. Appl. Myc.19: 603. 1940.)
Melville, F., &S. E. Hardisty. 1960. Bitter pit. A progress report on the use of calcium nitrate sprays for its control. Jour. Agr. W. Australia1: 1017–1019.
——, &N. S. Shorter. 1964. The control of bitter pit in apples. Jour. Agr. W. Australia5: 938–940, 942–944.
Mix, A. J. 1916. Cork, drought spot and related diseases of the apple. New York State Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.426: 473–522.
Mori, H. 1963. Studies on the mineral deficiency of apple trees in water culture. Bull. Hort. Res. Sta. Morioka Ser. C.1: 63–75. (Hort. Abstr. 34: 4236. 1964.)
—, &I. Abe. 1959. Studies on the interrelationship of essential elements tor apple trees. Bull. Tohuku Agr. Exp. Sta.16: 79–88.
——. 1960. Studies on the interrelations of essential elements for apple trees. Bull. Tohuku Agr. Exp. Sta.18: 57–69.
—, &T. Yamazaki. 1960. Studies on potassium nutrition of apple trees. Bull. Tohuku Agr. Exp. Sta.18: 44–56.
——, &I. Abe. 1958. On apple potassium nutrition of apple trees. Japanese potassium symposium 1958. (Hort. Abstr.31: 5861. 1961.)
Morse, W. J., &C. E. Lewis. 1910. Maine apple diseasesBaldwin spot. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. 26th Ann. Rep. Bull.185: 349.
Mulder, D. 1945. Oude en nieuve gegevens over Stipziekte van de appel. Tijdschr. Plantenziekten51: 85–88.
— 1948. The application of borax against bitter pit of apples. Meded. Dir. Tuinb.11: 315–319.
— 1949. Voedingsziekten van Vruchtbomen. Meded. Dir. Tuinb.12: 594–606.
— 1950. A survey of nutritional disease in fruit trees in relation to soil conditions in the Netherlands. Trans. 4th Int. Congr. Soil Sci., Amsterdam,2: 141–144.
— 1951a. Stip in appels als culturverschijnsel. Meded. Dir. Tuinb.14: 20–27.
— 1951b. Problem rond het stip apples. Meded. Dir. Tuinb.14: 131–138.
— 1952. Nutritional studies on fruit trees. Plant & Soil4: 107–117.
Nyhlen, A. 1954. Pricksjuka. Fruktodlaren3: 82–83.
—, &T. Nilson. 1957. Kolsyrelarging av apple 1954–1957. K. Skogs. Lantbruks Akad. Tidskr.99: 171–211. (Hort. Abstr.31: 2059. 1961.)
—, &N. Rootsi. 1961. Nagra ron om pricksjuka. Sver. Pomol. Foren. Arsskr.61: 39–62. (Hort. Abstr.31: 4039. 1961.)
Oberly, G. H., &A. L. Kenworthy. 1961. Effect of mineral nutrition on the occurrence of bitter pit in Northern Spy apples. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.77: 29–34.
Osborne, J. 1910. Bitter pit in apples. Agr. Gaz. Tasmania18: 282.
Ostrowski, W. 1965. Investigation on physical and chemical properties of apples affected by bitter pit and methods to control that disease. Zeszyty Naukowe Wvzszej Szkoly Rolniczej w Szczecinie No.19, pp. 1–68.
Overholser, E. L. 1928. Study of the harvesting and storage of Gravenstein apples. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.24: 252–255.
—, &J. L. Fiedler. 1923. Bitter pit of apples in cold storage. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep.1922-1923: 192–193.
—,F. L. OveRley, &L. L. Claypool. 1931. Survey of winter injury of fruit during 1930 in Washington. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.27: 253–258.
———. 1933. Cork or drought spot on apples and pears. Better Fruit27: 10.
Palmer, R. C. 1927. Fruit storage investigations. Summerland (British Columbia) Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep. 1924–1927.
— 1943. Influence of amount of crop and harvesting maturity on bitter pit in Okanagan-grown Newton apples. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.43: 63–68.
Pattloch, W. 1929. Das Stippigwerden oder die Stippekrankheit der Apfel Prov. Sachs Monatsschr. Obst. Wein-Gartenb.30: 314–315.
Paulin, A., &P. Anguez. 1962 Influence of fungicide treatment on the preservation of Reinette du Mans apples. Rev. Hort. Paris2250: 365–367.
Petersons, L. 1961. Virus diseases of the apple tree in the S. S. R. of Latvia. Tidsskr. Planteavl.65: 55–59.
Pienar, W. J., P. E. van Niekerk, &J. J. A. Bester. 1964. The role played by calcium in the incidence of bitter pit in Golden Delicious apples. Deciduous Fruit Grower14: 221–225.
Plagge, H., H. Maney, &B. S. Picket. 1935. Functional disease of the apple in storage. Iowa Exp. Sta. Bull.329: 62–66.
Pontis, R. E. 1939. El “bitter pit” de la manzana en la Provincia de Mendoza. Rev. mensual Ferrocarril Buenos Aires Pacifico22: 263. (Hort. Abstr.10: 97. 1940.)
Porreye, W., &R. Piot. 1964. La maladie du liège de la pomme. Rev. Agr. Brux.17: 277–303.
Pratella, G. 1963. The practice of yellowing apples before cold storage. Frutticultura25: 49–52.
Psarros, E. E., et al. 1964. Studies on a disorder of apples resembling bitter pit. Etes. Delt. Stath. Georg. Ereun. Prost. Phyt. Thessal.2: 10–19. (Rev. Appl. Myc.45: 1427. 1965.)
Quinn, G. 1905. The brown or bitter pitting defect in apples. Jour. Agr. S. Australia8: 305.
— 1935. Rootstocks in relation to the occurrence of bitter pit in apples. Jour. Agr. S. Australia39: 46–57.
Raphael, T. D. 1964. Calcium sprays: observations on leaf scorch and fruit markings. Tasmanian Jour. Agr.35: 234–235.
—, &J. B. O’Loughlin. 1964. Maturity studies on Cox’s Orange Pippin. Tasmanian Jour. Agr.35: 56–58.
—, &R. R. Richards. 1962. Bitter pit control by calcium nitrate. Tasmanian Jour. Agr.33: 60–63.
Rasmussen, S. E. 1962. Priksyge. Erhvervsfrugtavl28: 311–313.
— 1965. Calciumspoitning mod mosk. Erhvervsfrugtavl32: 283–284.
Reed, H. S. 1941. York Spot and York skin-crack. Phytopathology4: 405.
Refatti, E. 1961. Osservazioni e ricerche sulla maculatura amara delle mele in Valtellina. Ann. Fac. Agr. Milano8: 219–239.
Report of Plant Pathology Div. Res. and Exp. Rec. Minist. Agr. N. Ireland. 1960.10: 259–279. (Rev. Appl. Myc.41: 568. 1962.)
Rigg, T., &L. Tiller. 1927. Report of certain diseases of the apple in the Mt. Nelson District, N. Z., 1925–1926. Jour. Pom. Hort. Sci.6: 113–127.
Ritter, R., &H. Hansen. 1965. Über den Mineralgehalt der braunen Lenticellflecken by Apfeln der Sorte Cox’s Orange Renette. Gartenbauwissenschaft30: 409–412.
Roberts, R. H. 1919. Crinkle on Northwestern Greening. Phytopathology9: 261–264.
Robinson, H. 1911. Bitter pit and the fruit industry. Agr. Gaz. Tasmania19: 479.
Roland, G. 1946. Sur le brunissement interne des pommes. Fruit Belge14: 115–117.
Rose, D. H. 1924. Diseases of apples on the market, Jonathan drought spot and bitter pit. U.S. Dep. Agr., Bull.1253, 24 pp.
-,L. P. McColloch, &D. F. Fisher. 1951. Market diseases of fruits and vegetables, apples, pears, quinces. U.S. Dep. Agr., Misc. Publ.168, 69 pp.
Sandowski, N. 1961. “Ha-gumah, ha-marah” be Tappnhim. Hassedeh41: 683–684.
Schahrestany, N. 1964. Einfluss von Calcium Spritzungen auf das Lagerverhalten von Apfeln. Erwerbsobstbau6: 153–154.
Schreven, A. C. van. 1958. Bitter pit. Rapp. Inst, voor Bewaring en verwerking van Tuinbouwproducten Wageningen1958: 26–27.
— 1961. Storage diseases of fruits, breakdown and bitter pit. Bull. Int. Inst. Refr.5: 9.
—,J. van der Boon, &A. Das. 1962a. Stip in apples I. Meded. Dir. Tuinb.25: 87–92.
———. 1962b. Stip in apples II. Meded. Dir. Tuinb.25: 181–191.
—, &O. L. Staden. 1965. Malattie della conzervatione. Inf. Fitopath.15: 192–199.
Schumacher, R., &F. Frankhauser. 1964a. Versuche mit Kalciumsalzen zur Be- kampfung der Stippigkeit. Schweiz. Zeitschr. Obstu. Weinbau73: 412–417.
——. 1964b. Aetzungen durch Kalciumnitrat auf Glockenapfeln. Schweiz. Zeitschr. Obstu. Weinbau73: 632–634.
Scott, W. M. 1911. A new fruit spot of apple. Phytopathology1: 32.
Serbinoff, K. 1914. Etiology of bitter pit of apples. Jour. Plant Dis.8: 51–71.
Sharples, R. O. 1964. The effects of fruit thinning on the development of Cox’s Orange Pippin apples in relation to the incidence of storage disorders. Jour. Hort. Sci.39:224–235.
Sherbakoff, C. D. 1932. The more important diseases of apples in Tennessee. Tennessee Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 145.
Shear, G. M. 1948. Zinc and boron deficiency in Virginia orchards. Virginia Fruit (Proc. Virginia State Hort. Soc.)36: 150–152.
Shelby, A. D. 1897. Some diseases of the orchard garden. Ohio Exp. Sta. Bull.79: 135.
Simons, R. K. 1962. Anatomical studies of the bitter pit area of apples. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.81: 41–50.
Simpson, C. P. 1943. Enfermead de la manzana. Rev. mensual Ferrocarril Buenos Aires Pacifico26: 304. (Hort. Abstr.13: 421. 1943.)
Smith, A. J. M. 1926. Temperature conditions in refrigerated holds carrying apples. Food Inv. Board (Great Britain) Spec. Rep. 27, 41 pp.
-. 1926. Bitter pit in apples, a review of the problem. Food Inv. Board (Great Britain) Spec. Rep. 28, 23 pp.
Smith, R. E. 1909. Baldwin spot. Report of plant pathologist. Calif. Exp. Sta. (Berkeley) Bull. 203, 56 pp.
Smock, R. M. 1936. Bitter pit of Gravenstein apples I. Proc. Amer. Sac. Hort. Sci.34: 179–186.
— 1941a. Studies with bitter pit of apple. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.38:7.
-. 1941b. Studies on bitter pit of the apple. Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir234, 45 pp.
—,E. G. Fisher, &C. G. Forshey. 1962. Bitter pit of apples. Proc. Ann. Meet. New York State Hort. Soc. (1962)107: 118–119.
—, &A. Van Doren. 1937. Histology of bitter pit in apples. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.35: 176–179.
Sorauer, P. 1879. Obstbaumkrankheiten. 100. Berlin. [Quoted by Brooks, 1908.]
SouthwicK, F. W. 1961. Fruit maturity and condition affected by nutrition.In: “Factors Affecting Fruit Condition,” ed. by W. C. Stiles & N. F. Childers, Conference of Extension Workers, New Jersey Agr. Exp. Sta., Feb. 15–16, 1961.
Stakman, E. C., &R. C. Rose. 1914. A fruit spot of Wealthy apple. Phytopathology4: 333–336.
Stevenson, C. D. 1962. Effects of preharvest calcium sprays on the occurrence of bitter pit in cool stored apples. Queensland Jour. Agr. Sci.19: 133–136.
—, &E. T. Carol. 1963. Control of bitter pit in early picked Granny Smith apples. Queensland Jour. Agr. Sci.20: 533–535.
—, &B. C. Dodd. 1963. Further investigation into the effect of “stop drop” sprays. Queensland Jour. Agr. Sci.20: 369–372.
Stewart, F. C. 1899. Notes on various plant diseases. New York Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 164.
-. 1900. Fruit spot. New York Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 191.
Stiles, W. C. 1964. Influence of calcium and boron tree sprays on York Spot and bitter pit of York Imperial apples. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.84: 39–43.
Stiuvenberg, J. H. M., &A. van Pouwer. 1950. Onderzoek over de bestrijding van stipbig Notaris appels. Meded. Dir. Tuinb.13: 201–211.
Suit, R. F. 1932. Studies on a physiological spotting of apples. Quebec Soc. Prot. Plants 1930–1932, 23rd & 24th Reports, pp. 119–128. (Rev. Appl. Myc.12: 453. 1933.)
Thomas, P. H., &T. D. Raphael. 1932. Internal cork in apples associated with malformed wood growths. Tasmanian Jour. Agr., N.S.,3: 69–73.
Thompson, A. H., &B. L. Rogers. 1961. The present status of boron sprays for the control of cork spot in York Imperial apples.In: “Factors Affecting Fruit Conditions,” ed. by W. C. Stiles and N. F. Childers, Conference of Extension Workers, New Jersey Agr. Exp. Sta., Feb. 15–16, 1961.
Tindale, G. B., &F. E. Huelin. 1943. Bitter pit in Granny Smith apples. Jour. Dep. Agr. Victoria (Australia)41: 246–250.
Vukovits, G. 1965. Ursachen der Stippigkeit und Möglichkeiten ihrer Bekampfung. Pflanzenarzt18: 54–56. (Hort. Abstr.35: 7289. 1965.)
Walker, J. C. 1944. Histologic-pathogenic effects of boron deficiency. Soil Sci.57: 51–54.
Wallace, T. 1932. High temperature injury on the growing apple. Gard. Chron.92:433–450.
—, &J. O. Jones. 1940. Boron in relation to bitter pit in apples. Jour. Pom. Hort. Sci.18: 161–176.
Ware, W. M. 1932. High temperature injury on the growing apple. Gard. Chron.92: 287.
Weigert, J. 1965. Studies on the water relations of trees of York Imperial apples and on the histology of York spot. M.S. Thesis, Dep. Hort., Pennsylvania State Univ., 78 pp.
Weissenborn, K. 1961. Spritzversuch mit Ca(No3)2 gegen Stippigkeit. Mitteilungen des Obstbauversuchsringes des Alten Landes16: 384–386.
Whetzel, H. H. 1912. Baldwin spot or stippen. New York State Fruit Grow. Ass. Proc.11:28–34.
White, G. B. 1914. Stigmonose, a disease of fruits. Phytopathology4: 402.
White, J. 1910. Bitter pit and the enzymes of the apple. Jour. Dep. Agr. Victoria (Australia)8: 805.
— 1911. Bitter pit in apples. Proc. Roy Soc. Victoria (Australia)24: 1–19.
Wickens, G. W., &W. M. Carne. 1927a. Bitter pit in apples. Its occurrence in storage in relation to dates of picking. Jour. Dep. Agr. W. Australia4: 354–357.
-, & -. 1927b. Bitter pit in apples. Dep. Agr. W. Australia, Leaflet 219.
Wiebosch, W. A. 1948. Bespuiting van vruchtbomen met mangaan en boriumzouten. Meded. Dir. Tuinb.11: 320–323.
Wilkinson, B. G. 1964. Post harvest changes in apples. Compt. Rend. 2e Colloq. Int. Inc. Potasse Morat1964: 131–133. (Hort. Abstr.35: 5210. 1965.)
Williams, D. B. 1963. Studies of the nature and control of York spot, a physiological disorder of York Imperial apple. Diss. Abstr.23: 3586.
Woodbridge, C. G. 1937. The boron content of apple tissues as related to drought spot and corky core. Sci. Agr.18: 41.
Woodhead, C. E. 1958. Bitter pit in apples. Orchard31: 23–27.
— 1961. Bitter pit investigations in 1960. Orchard34: 9–13.
Wortman, J. 1892. Über die sogenannte “Stippen” der Apfel. Landwirtschaftliche Jahrbuch der Schweiz21: 663–675.
Yamazaki, T., &H. Mori. 1961. Studies on bitter pit in relation to mineral nutrition. Jour. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci.30: 347–350.
—,et al. 1962. Relation of bitter pit to mineral nutrition of apples I. Bull. Tohuku Agr. Exp. Sta.23: 153–161.
—,et al. 1964. Relation of bitter pit to mineral nutrition of apples II. Bull. Hort. Res. Sta. Morioka, Ser. C,2: 45–53.
Young, L. C., &C. F. Bailey. 1936. Progress report on the investigation of corky core of apples. Sci. Agr.17: 115–127.
Zschokke, A. 1897. Stippigwerden der Apfel. Landwirtschaftliche Jahrbuch der Schweiz27: 192–195.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Faust, M., Shear, C.B. Corking disorders of apples: A physiological and biochemical review. Bot. Rev 34, 441–469 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02859134
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02859134