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Citizenship of the Union: the fundamental status of those enjoying free movement?

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References

  1. (Spaak Report): “Rapport des chefs de délégation aux ministres des affaires etrangères”, Comité Intergouvernemental créé par la conférence de Messine, Secrétariat, Bruxelles, (1956), chapitre 3.

  2. http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/workersmobility/2006 (17 August 2006).

  3. i.a. the list of repealed, replaced and amended legislation in Directive 2004/38/EC, OJ L 158, 30.4.2004, p. 77.

  4. OJ L 257, 19.10.1968, p. 2.

  5. Directives 90/364/EEC (own means)—OJ L 180, 13.7.1990, p. 26; 90/365/EEC (retired)—OJ L 180, 13.7.90, p. 28; 93/96/EC (students)—OJ L 317, 18.12.1993, p. 59.

  6. i.a. C-10/05 Mattern and Cikotic [2006] ECR I-3145, paragraph 25. See too Directive 2004/38/EC (as amended), in particular Articles 12(2), (3), 13(2) and 16.

  7. Article 17 ECT.

  8. Article 18(1) ECT.

  9. i.a. Declaration on nationality of a Member State, annexed to the Final Act adopting the Treaty on European Union. For a discussion on the conferral of nationality in general see C-369/90 Micheletti [1992] ECR I-4239.

  10. i.a. Chalmers, Hadjiemmanuil, Monti, Tomkins, European Union Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (2006), the footnoted references in chapter 13, and especially the bibliography, pp. 602–603.

  11. Articles 39 et seq. ECT-worker, albeit without definition; 43 et seq. ECT-right of establishment and 49 et seq. ECT-free movement of services.

  12. Article 39(3)(d) ECT.

  13. E.g. Regulation (EEC) No 1251/70 of the Commission, OJ L 142, 30.6.1970, p. 24 (as amended) and Directive 75/34/EEC, OJ L 14, 20.1.1975, p. 10 (as amended)-extending the right to other economic actors.

  14. i.a. C-75/63 Hoekstra [1964] ECR 177 or more recently C-456/02 Trojani [2004] ECR I-7573, paragraph 15.

  15. i.a. C-85/96 Martínez Sala [1998] ECR I-2691, paragraph 31, where the Court makes reference to the different contexts, and thus different definitions, depending on which source is being invoked: Article 39 ECT, Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68, Article 42 ECT or Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71.

  16. OJ L 257, 19.10.1968, p. 2 (third recital).

  17. i.a. C-53/81 Levin [1982] ECR 1035, paragraph 13.

  18. C-148/02 Garcia Avello [2003] ECR I-11613, paragraph 24.

  19. Text as signed in Rome on 29 October 2004, OJ C 310, 16.12.2004. TECE Article I-4(1).

  20. i.a. Chalmers et al. pp. 574–576 on participation. See too Commission of the European Communities, Fourth Report on Citizenship of the Union (1 May 2001–30 April 2004), SEC(2004)1280.

  21. For a view on the construction of a multiple European demos see i.a. Kunoy, op.cit., pp. 180–181.

  22. i.a. C-64/96 and C-65/96 Uecker and Jacquet [1997] ECR I-3171. 32 See i.a. C-224/98 D’Hoop [2002] ECR I-6191. C-148/02 Garcia Avello. 33 See i.a. C-370/90 Singh [1992] ECR I 4265. 34 C-85/96 Martínez Sala [1998] ECR I-2691. 35 C-209/03Bidar [2005] ECR I-2119, AG, paragraph 23.

  23. Whether based on Article 39 ECT or Regulations (EEC) No 1612/68 or No 1408/71, or Directives 90/364/EEC or 90/365/EEC.

  24. C-85/96 Martínez Sala, paragraph 59.

  25. C-85/96 Martínez Sala, paragraphs 61 and 63.

  26. C-411/98Ferlini, AG paragraphs 67–69.

  27. C-152/82Forcheri [1984] ECR 2323.

  28. C-411/98Ferlini, AG paragraph 67.

  29. C-411/98Ferlini, AG paragraph 68.

  30. C-411/98Ferlini, AG paragraph 69.

  31. C-411/98Ferlini, ECJ paragraphs 47 et. seq.

  32. i.a. C-365/02 Lindfors [2004] ECR I-7183, paragraphs 34–36.

  33. i.a. C-286/03 Hosse [2006] ECR I-1771 and C-10/05 Cynthia Mattern, Hajrudin Cikotic.

  34. i.a. C-441/02 Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany, decided 27 April 2006 (not yet reported).

  35. C-258/04 Ioannidis [2005] ECR I-8275.

  36. C-413/99 Baumbast, R.

  37. C-413/99 Baumbast, R, paragraphs 83–84.

  38. C-413/99 Baumbast, R, paragraphs 85–86.

  39. C-456/02 Trojani, paragraph 46.

  40. C-456/02 Trojani, paragraph 43.

  41. C-456/02 Trojani, paragraph 46.

  42. C-200/02 Zhu and Chen.

  43. C-200/02 Zhu and Chen, paragraph 26.

  44. This is reminiscent of its ruling in C-413/99 Baumbast, R and C-456/02 Trojani.

  45. C-293/03 My [2004] ECR I-12013.

  46. C-293/03 My, paragraph 32.

  47. C-293/03 My, paragraph 33.

  48. C-408/03 Commission v Belgium [2006] ECR I-2647, paragraph 34.

  49. C-408/03 Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Belgium, paragraphs 40–42.

  50. C-408/03 Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Belgium, paragraph 73(1)(b).

  51. i.a. C-456/02 Trojani, paragraph 46. C-224/98 D’Hoop, paragraph 31. C-224/02 Pusa, paragraph 19.

  52. C-406/04 De Cupyer.

  53. C-403/03 Schempp [ 2005] ECR I-06421, paragraphs 45 and 47.

  54. Specifically C-365/02 Lindfors [2004] ECR I-7183, paragraph 34.

  55. Chalmers et al. p. 599.

  56. i.a. Chalmers et al. p. 599. Hailbronner, pp. 1246-7

  57. C-85/96 Martínez Sala, paragraph 62.

  58. C-406/04 Gérald De Cupyer v Office national de l’emploi, decided 18 July 2006 (not yet reported).

  59. i.a.Hailbronner, p. 1250.

  60. above.

  61. C-411/98Ferlini, AG paragraph 68.

  62. C-184/99 Grzelczyk [2001] ECR I-6193, paragraph 31.

  63. i.a. C-224/98 D’Hoop, paragraph 28. C-413/99 Baumbast, R [2002] ECR I-7091, paragraph 82. C-148/02 Garcia Avello, paragraph 22. C-482/01 Orfanopoulos and C-493/01 Oliveri [2004] ECR I-5257, paragraphs 53, 54 and 65. C-138/02 Collins [2004] ECR I-2703, paragraph 61. C-200/02 Zhu and Chen, paragraph 25. C-224/02 Pusa, paragraph 16. C-209/03Bidar, paragraph 31.

  64. C-209/03Bidar

  65. C-209/03Bidar, paragraphs 38 and 42. Seei.a. Hailbronner for a criticism of this line of reasoning.

  66. C-184/99, paragraph 35.

  67. C-209/03Bidar, paragraph 39. C-184/99Grzelczyk, paragraph 35.

  68. C-209/03Bidar, paragraph 38. C-184/99Grzelczyk, paragraph 35.

  69. Article 149(1) ECT. C-209/03Bidar, paragraphs 40–41. For a criticism of the Court’s reasoning seei.a. Hailbronner, op.cit.

  70. i.a. C-482/01Orfanopoulos and C-493/01Oliveri, paragraph 65.

  71. C-224/02Pusa, paragraphs 18–20.

  72. C-138/02Collins, paragraph 63.

  73. C-1 38/02Collins, paragraph 73.

  74. C-209/03Bidar, paragraph 43. C-215/03Oulane [2005] ECR I-1215, paragraph 20. For a criticism of the Court’s reasoning seei.a. Hailbronner.

  75. Hailbronner, pp. 1258–1264.

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  1. University of Limerick, Belgium

    Patricia Conlan (Professor Patricia Conlan)

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Conlan, P. Citizenship of the Union: the fundamental status of those enjoying free movement?. ERA Forum 7, 345–355 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857085

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