Skip to main content
Log in

The death of electroconvulsive therapy

  • Published:
Advances in Therapy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In Italy, where it began more than 62 years ago, ECT has almost been abolished. In some countries, however, ECT is still used inappropriately, particularly in elderly patients. There is no medical, moral, or legal justification for ECT, and the new requirements of modern psychiatric practice can all be achieved with-out it. Like prefrontal lobotomy and all previous shock treatments, ECT is nonviable. The death of ECT will help promote mental health and put the treatment where it belongs—in the archaeology of science.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Youssef HA, Youssef FA. Time to abandon electroconvulsion as a treatment in modern psychiatry.Adv Ther. 1999;16:29–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bourne H. Electroconvulsive therapy ending where it began.Psychiatr Bull. 1999;23:505.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Duffet R, Elliot P. Auditing electroconvulsive therapy. The third cycle.Br J Psychiatry. 1998; 172:401–405.

    Google Scholar 

  4. American Psychiatric Association.Task Force on Electroconvulsive Therapy. Report 14. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1978.

  5. Royal College of Psychiatrists. Memorandum on the use of electroconvulsive therapy.Br J Psychiatry. 1977;131:261-272.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Daly M. Electric shock victim wins historic victory.The Big Issue. 1999;10:5.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Fernando S, Storm V. Suicide among psychiatric patients of a district general hospital.Psychol Med. 1984;14:661–672.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Babigian HM, Gurrmacher LB. Epidemiological consideration in electroconvulsive therapy.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41:246–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Heshe J, Roeder I. Electroconvulsive therapy in Denmark.Br J Psychiatry. 1976;128:241–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Haddad DM, Benbow SM. Anaesthetists’ views of electroconvulsive therapy clinic.Psychiatr Bull. 1993;17:655–657.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Clyma EA. Unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. How to determine which hemisphere is dominant.Br J Psychiatry. 1975;126:372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Wilkinson D. ECT in the elderly. In: Holmes L, Howard R, eds.Advances in Old Age Psychiatry: Chromosomes to Community Care. Worthing, UK: Wrighton Biomedical Publishing; 1977:161–171.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Benbow SM. Old age: psychiatrists’ views on the use of ECT.Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1991;6: 317–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Baxter L, Roy-Byrne D, Liston E, et al. Informing patients about electroconvulsive therapy: effects of video-tape presentation.Convuls Ther. 1977:2:25–29.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Abram R.Electroconvulsive Therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sackeim HA. Use of electroconvulsive therapy in late life depression. In: Schneider LS, ed.Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1994:259–277.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Squire LR. Memory function as affected by electroconvulsive therapy.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1966; 466:307–314.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Freeman CP, Kendell RE. ECT: patients’ experience and attitude.Br J Psychiatry. 1980;137:8–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Galloway J, Blakey A. Correspondence: ECT in the elderly.Psychiatr Bull. 1998;22:714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hobson RF. Prognostic factors in electric convulsive therapy.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1953; 16:275–281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Sackeim HA, Prudie J, Devanand DP, et al. The impact of medication resistance and continuation of pharmacotherapy on relapse following response to electroconvulsive therapy in major depression.J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990;10:96–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gangadhar BN, Janakiramiah N, Subbakrishna DK, et al. Twice versus thrice ECT in melancholia: a double blind prospective comparison.J Affect Disord. 1993;27:273–278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Peretti CS, Danion JM, Grange D, Moubarek N. Bilateral ECT and autobiographical memory of subjective experience related to melancholia: a pilot study.J Affect Disord. 1996;41:9–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Post RM, Utide TW, Roy-Byrne PP, Joff RT. Antidepressant effects of carbamazepine.Am J Psychiatry. 1990;143:29–34.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Post RM. Anticonvulsants as adjuncts or alternatives to lithium in refractory bipolar illness. In: Amsterdam JD, ed.Advances in Neuropsychiatry and Psychopharmacology, II. Refractory Depression. New York: Raven Press; 1991:155–165.

    Google Scholar 

  26. McElory SL, Keck PM, Pope HG. Sodium valproate: its use in primary psychiatric disorders.J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1987;8:16–24.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Elphick M, Young JD, Cowen PJ. Effects of carbamazepine on dopamine and serotonin mediated neuroendocrine responses.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47:135–140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Post RM, Weiss SR, Chung DM. Mechanism of action of anticonvulsants in affective disorders: comparison with lithium.J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1992;12:23s-35s.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Maitre L, Ballzer V, Mondadori C. Psychopharmacological and behavioural effects of anti-epileptic drugs in animals. In: Emrich HM, Okuma T, Muller A, eds.Anticonvulsants in Affective Disorders. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 1984:3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Cook LC. Convulsion therapy.J Ment Sci. 1944;90:435–464.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Sackeim HA, Prudie J, Devanand DP, et al. Effects of stimulus intensity and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy.N Engl J Med. 1993;328:839–848.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Grahame-Smith DG, Green AR, Costain DW. Mechanism of the antidepressant action of electroconvulsive therapy.Lancet. 1978;i:254–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Green AR, Heal DJ, Goodwin GM. The effect of electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressant drugs on monoamine receptors in rodent brain: similarities and differences. In:Antidepressants and Receptor Function. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 1986;123:246–267. Ciba Foundation Symposium.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  34. Szasz TS. From the slaughter house to the mad house.Psychother Theory Res Pract. 1971;8:64–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Taylor JR, Carrol JL. Current issues in electroconvulsive therapy.Psychol Rep. 1987;60:747–758.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Lishman WA.Organic Psychiatry: The Psychological Consequences of Cerebral Disorder. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1987:111.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Johnstone EC, Deakin JF, Lawler P, et al. The Northwick Park Electroconvulsive Therapy Trial.Lancet. 1980;ii:1317–1320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. ECT in Britain: a shameful state of affairs.Lancet. 1981;ii:1207.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Templer DI. ECT and brain damage: how much risk is acceptable?Behav Brain Sci. 1984;7:39.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Fink M. ECT—Verdict: not guilty.Behav Brain Sci. 1984;7:26–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Youssef, H., Youssef, F. The death of electroconvulsive therapy. Adv Therapy 18, 83–89 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02852392

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02852392

Keywords

Navigation