Abstract
Using questionnaire data completed by 170 men, we examine variation in paternal investment in relation to the trade-off between mating and parenting. We found that as men’s self-perceived mate value increases, so does their mating effort, and in turn, as mating effort increases, paternal investment decreases. This study also simultaneously examined the influence on parental investment of men’s mating effort, men’s perception of their mates’ fidelity, and their perceived resemblance to their offspring. All predicted investment. The predictors of investment are also tested independently for men who are still in a relationship with the mother of their children and those that are separated from her. Finally we examine how self-perceived mate value affects how men respond to variation in paternity confidence. Men with a self-perceived low mate value were less likely to respond to lowered mate fidelity by reducing their parental investment compared with men with a self-perceived high mate value.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexander, R., and K. Noonan 1979 Concealment of Ovulation, Parental Care, and Human Social Evolution. InEvolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, N. I. A. Chagnon and W. Irons, eds. Pp. 436–453. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury Press.
Anderson, K. G., H. Kaplan, D. Lam, and J. Lancaster 1999 Paternal Care by Genetic Fathers and Stepfathers II: Reports by Xhosa High School Students.Evolution and Human Behavior 20:433–451.
Apicella, C. L., and F. W. Marlowe 2004 Perceived Mate Fidelity and Paternal Resemblance Predict Men’s Investment in Children.Evolution and Human Behavior 25:371–378.
Bereczkei, T., S. Voros, A. Gal, and L. Bernath 1997 Resources, Attractiveness, Family Commitment; Reproductive Decisions in Human Mate Choice.Ethology 103:681–699.
Blurton Jones, N. G., F. W. Marlowe, K. Hawkes and J. F. O’Connell 2000 Paternal Investment and Hunter-Gatherer Divorce Rates. InAdaptation and Human Behavior, L. Cronk, N. Chagnon, and W. Irons, eds. Pp. 69–90. New York: Adeline de Gruyter.
Burley, N. 1988 The Differential Allocation Hypothesis: An Experimental Test.American Naturalist 132:611–628.
Buss, D. M. 2002 Human Mate Guarding.Neuroendocrinology Letters 23:23–29.
Buston, P. M., and S. T. Emlen 2003 Cognitive Processes Underlying Human Mate Choice: The Relationship between Self-perception and Mate Preference in Western Society.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100:8805–8810.
Clutton-Brock, T. H. 1991The Evolution of Parental Care. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Clutton-Brock, T.H., and A. C. J. Vincent 1991 Sexual Selection and the Potential Reproductive Rates of Males and Females.Nature 351:58–60.
Draper, P., and H. C. Harpending 1982 Father Absence and Reproductive Strategy: An Evolutionary Perspective.Journal of Anthropological Research 38:255–273.
Draper, P., and H. C. Harpending 1988 A Sociobiological Perspective on the Development of Human Reproductive Strategies. InSociobiological Perspectives on Human Development, K. B. MacDonald, ed. Pp. 340–372. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Flinn, M. V. 1988 Step- and Genetic Parent/Offspring Relationships in a Caribbean Village.Ethology and Sociobiology 9:335–369.
Geary, D. C. 2000 Evolution and Proximate Expression of Human Paternal Investment.Psychological Bulletin 126:55–77.
Guttentag, M., and P. F. Secord 1983Too Many Women: The Sex Ratio Question. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Gangestad, S. W., and R. Thornhill 1997 The Evolutionary Psychology of Extrapair Sex: The Role of Fluctuating Asymmetry.Evolution and Human Behavior 18:69–88.
Hawkes, K., A. R. Rogers, and E. L. Charnov 1995 The Male’s Dilemma: Increased Offspring Production Is More Paternity to Steal.Evolutionary Ecology 9:662–677.
Heath, K. M., and C. Hadley 1998 Dichotomous Male Reproductive Strategies in a Polygynous Human Society: Mating versus Parental Effort.Current Anthropology 39:269–374.
Hewlett, B. S., ed. 1992Father-Child Relations. New York: Aldine.
Hill, K., and H. Kaplan 1988 Tradeoffs in Male and Female Reproductive Strategies among the Ache, Part 2. InHuman Reproductive Behavior, L. Betzig, P. Turke, and M. Borgerhoff-Mulder, eds. Pp. 277–306. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hurtado, A. M., and K. Hill 1992 Paternal Effect on Offspring Survivorship among Ache and Hiwi Hunter-Gatherers: Implications for Modeling Pair-Bond Stability. InFather-Child Relations: Cultural and Biosocial Contexts, B. Hewlett, ed. Pp. 31–55. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Jaccard, J., R. Turrisi, and C. K. Wan 1990Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression. Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences 72. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Little, A. C., D. M. Burt, I. S. Penton-Voak, and D. I. Perrett 2001 Self-perceived Attractiveness Influences Human Female Preferences for Sexual Dimorphism and Symmetry in Male Faces.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B) 268:39–44.
Marlowe, F. 1999 Male Care and Mating Effort among Hazda Foragers.Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 46:57–64.
Marlowe, F. 2000 Paternal Investment and the Human Mating System.Behavioural Processes 51:45–61.
Maynard Smith, J. 1977 Parental Investment: A Prospective Analysis.Animal Behaviour 25:1–9.
Mitani, J., J. Groslouis, and A. Richards 1996 Sexual Dimorphism, the Operational Sex-Ratio, and the Intensity of Male Competition in Polygynous Primates.American Naturalist 147:966–980.
Pérusse, D. 1994 Mate Choice in Modern Societies: Testing Evolutionary Hypotheses with Behavioral Data.Human Nature 5:255–278.
Pitcher, T. E., and B. J. Stutchbury 2000 Extraterritorial Forays and Male Parental Care in Hooded Warblers.Animal Behaviour 59:1261–1269.
Russell, C. J., and P. Bobko 1992 Moderated Regression Analysis and Likert Scales: Too Coarse for Comfort?Journal of Applied Psychology 77:336–342.
Sheldon, B. C. 2002 Relating Paternity to Paternal Care.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 357:341–350.
Smuts, B. B., and D. J. Gubernick 1992 Male-Infant Relationships in Nonhuman Primates: Paternal Investment or Mating Effort? InFather-Child Relations: Cultural and Biosocial Contexts, B. Hewlett, ed. Pp. 1–30. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Thornhill R., and A. MØller 1997 Developmental Stability, Disease and Medicine.Biological Reviews 72:497–548.
Thornhill, R., and S. W. Gangestad 1994 Fluctuating Asymmetry and Human Sexual Behavior.Psychological Science 5:297–302.
Trivers, R. 1972 Parental Investment and Sexual Selection. InSexual Selection and the Descent of Man: 1871–1971, B. Campbell, ed. Pp. 136–179. Chicago: Aldine.
Wade, M. J. 1995 The Ecology of Sexual Selection: Mean Crowding of Females and Resource-Defense Polygyny.Evolutionary Ecology 9:118–124.
Wade, M. J., and S. M. Shuster 2002 The Evolution of Parental Care in the Context of Sexual Selection: A Critical Reassessment of Parental Investment Theory.American Naturalist 160:285–292.
Waynforth, D. 1998 Fluctuating Asymmetry and Human Male Life-History Traits in Rural Belize.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265:1497–1501.
Waynforth, D. 1999 Differences in Time Use for Mating and Nepotistic Effort as a Function of Male Attractiveness in Rural Belize.Evolution and Human Behavior 20:19–28.
Waynforth, D., and R. I. M. Dunbar 1995 Conditional Mate Choice Strategies in Humans: Evidence from “Lonely Hearts” Advertisements.Behaviour 132:755–779.
Westneat, D. F. 1988 Male Parental Care and Extra-pair Copulations in the Indigo Bunting.Auk 105:149–160.
Westneat, D. F., and P. W. Sherman 1993 Parentage and the Evolution of Parental Behavior.Behavioral Ecology 4:66–77.
Whittingham, L. A., and P. O. Dunn 1998 Male Parental Effort and Paternity in a Variable Mating System.Animal Behavior 55:629–640.
Wright, J. 1998 Paternity and Paternal Care. InSperm Competition and Sexual Selection, T. R. Birkhead and A. P. MØller, eds. Pp. 117–145. New York: Academic Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Apicella, C.L., Marlowe, F.W. Men’s reproductive investment decisions. Hum Nat 18, 22–34 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02820844
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02820844