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Combined reactions

  • 1979 Institute of Metals Lecture The Metallurgical Society of AIME
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Abstract

The term “combined reaction” is used for solid state reactions which are composed of more than one of the following reactions:T—change of crystal structure (transformation),D—local change in chemical composition (decomposition)R—healing out of defects (recovery, recrystallization)C—crystallization of an amorphous solid.

Many metals and alloys can be brought into a conditions in which two or more of these reactions are due to occur in order to approach the equilibrium. This starting structure is frequently far away from the thermodynamical equilibrium, and dissipative-, defect-nucleated and other nonequilibrium structures form as the first stage of combined reactions. Some features of combined reactions are qualitatively different from the elementary reactions. One example is the inhibition of recrystallization with increasing defect density.

A systematic concept of combined reactions allows to understand their mechanisms and to predict microstructures, which can be produced as a function of temperature of annealingT, time of annealingt, chemical compositionx, and concentration of defectsp.

The principle three modes of mechanisms for reactions with two elements participating are (example:D andR):R →D = sequential reaction,D followsR. (R+D)d=simultaneous and discontinuous reaction,i.e. autocatalytic nucleation, growth and annihilation of defects in a reaction front. (R+D) c =simultaneous and continuous reaction,i.e. individual nucleation and growth of new phases and/or subgrains.

There are three families resulting from combinations of the first three elementary reactions:DR, DT, TR. The variety of special combined reactions is rather large, if all three elementsT, D, R are combined. This corresponds to eutectoid reactions in a highly defect matrix. Experimental results obtained with different Al-, Cu-, Fe-, and Ni-based alloys will be used to illustrate a survey of the combined reactions and the microstructures which can be produced (as a function ofT, t, x, p). The combined reactions form the base for the understanding of microstructures found after many hot-forming operations, as well as other thermomechanical treatments of metallic materials.

Finally it is demonstrated that the principles derived for crystalline solids apply in a similar way to the crystallization behavior of amorphous alloys. The different types of reactions will help to predict the thermal stability of these new materials and the microstructures which can be obtained by their crystallization.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Erhard Hornbogen (R. F. Mehl Medalist)

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  1. Erhard Hornbogen
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The Institute of Metals Lecture was established in 1921, at which time the Institute of Metals Division was the only professional Division within the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. It has been given annually since 1922 by distinguished men from this country and abroad. Beginning in 1973 and thereafter, the person selected to deliver the lecture will be known as the “Institute of Metals Division Lecture and R. F. Mehl Medalist” for that year.

At the time of the lecture he was visiting professor at the Ecole des Mines in Nancy, France. He was a student of physical metallurgy at the Universities of Clausthal and Stuttgart from 1950 to 1954 and was a Research Assistant at Clausthal from 1955 to 1957, receiving his Ph.D. there in 1956.

Dr. Hornborgen served as a Research Engineer with United States Steel in Monroeville, Pennsylvania from 1958 to 1963. He then worked as a scientist at the Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart and was a lecturer at the university there. In 1965 he became Professor of Metals Physics at the University of Gottingen and in 1968 became Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Ruhr-University Bochum.

The author of approximately 150 papers, Dr. Hornbogen received the Grossman Award from the American Society for Metals in 1962 and 1963, the Masing Preis (young scientist’s award) from the German Metallurgical Society in 1965, and was elected a Fellow of ASM in 1976.

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Hornbogen, E. Combined reactions. Metall Trans A 10, 947–972 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02811643

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