Abstract
Determination of Rb, Br, Se, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Br/Rb ratio in tissues of mice inoculated with colon and melanoma cancer cells is described. A group of 19 Balb/c mice inoculated with C26 colon carcinoma, 4 C57B1/6 mice inoculated with B16 melanoma, and 13 control mice of both kinds were under investigation. The study was conducted on samples of blood, liver, kidneys, colon, and skin, and the trace element levels in normal and inoculated mice were compared. The inoculation was by subcutaneous injection either at the back or intrafootpad. The blood samples were taken 1, 2, and 3 wk after inoculation, and after 4 wk all the animals were sacrificed. Two nondestructive, complementary analytical methods were used: a modified X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for solid tissue and particleinduced X-ray emission (PIXE) for blood samples. The detection limit (DL) in the PIXE method was 0.35 (μg/g dry wt in 600 s counting time and in XRF, 1 μg/g dry sample for Rb, Br, Se and Zn and 2 μg/g for Cu and Fe in 200 s counting time. In all the cases studied, cancerous tissue developed at the site of the injection, and a significant difference in the trace element levels was observed between tissue samples obtained from normal and inoculated mice. The most pronounced effect was an increase in Rb level in the tumor by a factor ranging between 4 and 10 relative to normal tissue, with a corresponding decrease in the Br/Rb ratio (p < 0.05). Smaller changes were found in the Br, Se, Zn, and K levels. The changes in trace element levels in the inner organs were much smaller and seem to be influenced by the site of injection.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G. N. Schrauzer, The discovery of the essential trace elements. An outline of the history of biological trace element research, inBiochemistry of the Essential Ultratrace Elements, Plenum, New York, pp. 17–31 (1984).
P. Bratter, V. E. Negretti de Bratter, U. Rosick, and V. H. B. Stock-Hausen, Trace element concentration in serum of infants in relation to dietary sources, inTrace Element Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology, vol. 4, P. Bratter, and P. Schramel, eds., Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 133–143 (1987).
R. M. Parr, An international collaborative research program on minor and trace elements in total diets, inTrace Element Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology, vol. 4, P. Bratter, and P. Schramel, eds., Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 157–160 (1987).
G. N. Schrauzer, Trace elements in cancer diagnosis and therapy. A review, inTrace Element Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology, vol. 4, P. Bratter and P. Schramel, eds., Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 403–417 (1987).
R. L. Nelson, Dietary minerals and colorectal cancer. A review, inMetal Ions in Biology and Medicine, Ph. Collery, L.A. Poirier, M. Manfait, and J. C. Etienne, eds., John Libbey Eurotext, Paris, pp. 35–39 (1990).
S. L. Rizk and H. H. Sky-Peak, Comparison between concentrations of trace elements in normal and neoplastic human breast tissue,Cancer Res. 44, 5390–5394 (1984).
N. G. Kwan-Hoong, D. A. Bradley, I. Lai-Meng Loo, C. Seman Mahmood, and A. Khalik Wood, Differentiation of elemental composition of normal and malignant breast tissue by instrumental neutron activation analysis,Applied Radiation and Isotopes 44, pp. 511–516 (1993).
N. A. Durosinmi, J. O. Ojo, A. F. Oluwole, A. E Ononye, O. A Akanle, and N. M. Spyrou, Study of trace elements in blood of cancer patients by proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis,Biol. Trace Element Res. 43-45, 351–355 (1994).
S. Chaitchik, C. Shenberg, Y. Nir-EL, and M. Mantel, The distribution of selenium in human blood samples of Israeli population—comparison between normal and breast cancer cases.Biol. Trace Element Res. 15, 205–212 (1988).
C. Shenberg, M. Mantel, J. Gilat, S. Chaitchik, J. Stadler, and R. Alon, Comparison between trace elements in normal and tumorous human colon tissue, inIsrael Atomic Energy Commission Annual Report, IA-1448, pp. 145,146 (1989).
C. Shenberg, S. Spiegel, S. Chaitchik, P. Jordan, M. Kitzis, M. Airman, J. Cohen, and M. Boazi, The distribution of BrKoα/RbKα ratio in human whole blood; comparison between normal and colorectal cancer cases,Biol. Trace Element Res. 42, 231–241 (1994).
C. Shenberg, H. Feldstein, R. Cornelis, L. Mees, J. Versieck, L. Vanballenberghe, J. Cafmeyer, and W. Maenhout, Br, Rb, Zn, Fe, Se and K in blood of colorectal patients by INAA and PIXE,J. Trace Elements Med. Biol. 9, 193–199 (1995).
C. Shenberg, M. Boazi, J. Cohen, A. Klein, M. Kojler, A. Nyska, and S. Rave, Br/Rb ratio obtained by XRF analysis of kidneys of normal and tumor bearing mice treated with cis-DDP,J. Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 8, N-3/4, 177–182 (1994).
R. Hay, J. Caputo, T. R. Chen, M. Macy, P. Meclintock, and Y. Reid, eds.,American Type Collection Catalog of Cell Lines and Hybridomas, 7th ed. American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD (1992).
R. J. Gran, N. H. Greenberg, M. M. Mackdonald, A. M. Schumacher, and B. J. Abbot,Cancer Chemother. Rep. part 3, 3, 7–87 (1972).
C. Shenberg, J. Gilat, and M. Mantel, Fast and simple determination of bromine by XRF in wet blood serum microsamples. Evaluation of errors, inAdvances in X-Ray Analysis, vol. 35, C. S. Barret, J. V. Gilfrid, T. C. Huang, R. Jenkins, G. J. McCarthy, P. V. Predecki, R. Ryan, and D. K. Smith, eds., Plenum, New York (1992).
C. Shenberg, M. Mantel, T. Izak-Biran, and B. Rachmiel, Rapid and simple determination of selenium and other trace elements in very small blood samples by XRF,Biol. Trace Element Res. 16, 87–95 (1988).
C. Shenberg, M. Boazi, J. Cohen, A. Klein, M. Kojler, and A. Nyska, An XRF study of trace elements accumulation in kidneys of tumor-bearing mice after treatment with cis-DDP with and without selenite and selenocistamine,Biol. Trace Element Res. 40, 137–149 (1994).
W. Maenhout, L. De Reu, H. A. Van Rinsvelt, J. Cafmeyer, and P. Van Espen, Particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis of biological materials: precision, accuracy and application to cancer tissues,Nuclear Instruments and Methods 168, 557–562 (1980).
W. Maenhout, J. Vandenhaute, and H. Duflou, Applicability of PIXE to the analysis of biological reference materials,Frezenius Z. Anal. Chem. 326, 736–738 (1987).
C. Shenberg and S. Amiel, Analytical significance of peaks and peak ratios in X-ray fluorescence analysis using a high resolution semiconductor detector,Anal. Chem. 43, 1025–1030 (1974).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Feldstein, H., Cohen, Y., Shenberg, C. et al. Comparison between levels of trace elements in normal and cancer inoculated mice by XRF and PIXE. Biol Trace Elem Res 61, 169–180 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02784028
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02784028