Summary
The multifactorial structure of the internal unitary standard groupU(1)×SU(2)×SU(3) is suggested to arise from an inflation of one basicU(1) group. The hypercharge and isospin properties of quarks and leptons reflect the winding numbers of the possible four electroweak inflations fromU(1) toU(1)×SU(2). The fractional quark winding numbers belong to the discrete groupZ 3 of the unit roots and can be taken care of in a Lie algebra approach by an enveloping Lie algebra ofSU(3). The non-Abelian internalSU(2) isospin symmetry is proposed as a Lie-algebra description of theZ 2 freedom in the factorization ofU(2) into an internalU(1) part and the externalSU(2) spin group.
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Saller, H. The winding numbers of the standard model. Nuov Cim A 106, 1189–1206 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02778208
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02778208