Summary
The relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and cirrhosis (CIR) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was investigated. 340 cases with HCC and 99 cases with CIR were compared with the control group which were asymoptomatic age- and sex-matched case. Both HCC and CIR have higher infection rated of HBV and the positivity rated of HBsAg than their controls in both sexes. The positivity rate (74.8%) of HBsAg in HCC is significantly higher than that (58.2%) in CIR. HBeAg is more frequently positive in CIR than in HCC, especially among females. There was no sex difference in HBsAg positive among HCC nor among CIR. Age-adjusted AFP elevation is significantly more frequent in HBsAg-positive HCC than in HBsAg-negative. Both HCC and CIR in the Philippines are closely associated with HBV infection. The association with the infection is stronger with HCC than with CIR. Other causative/contributary factors may be important, especially with CIR. However, the great majority of HCC are probably due to chronic HBV infection, the public health control of which may result in a significant diminution of the malignancy in the country.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
WHO Technical Report Series 691: Prevention of Liver Cancer. 1983;7–8
Lingao AL, Domingo EO, Nishioka K: Hepatitis B virus profile of hepatocellular carcinoma in the Philippines. Cancer 1981;48:1590–1595
Monoz N, Linsell A: Epidemiology of primary liver cancer. In: Correa P. Haenszel W, eds. Epidemoilogy of Cancer of the Digestive Tract. Marinus Nijhoff Publishers, Manila. 1982;161–195
Prince AM, Szmuness W, Michon J, et al: A case/control study of the association between primary liver cancer and hepatitis in Senegal. Int J Cancer 1975;16:376–383
Tong MJ, Sun SCM, Schaeffer BT, et al: Hepatitis associated antigen and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Ann Intern Med 1971;75:687–691
Yarrish RL, Werner BJ, Blumberg BS: Association of hepatitis B virus infection with hepatocellular carcinoma in American patients. Int J Cancer 1980;26:711–715
Nishioka K, Levin AG, Simons MJ: Hepatitis B antigen, antigen subtypes and hepatitis B antibody in normal subjects and patients with liver cancer. Bull WHO 1975;52:293–300
MacNab GM, Urbanowicz JM, Geddes EW, et al: Hepatitis B antigen and antibody in Bantu patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1976;33:544–548
Trichoponlos D, Gerety RJ, Sparros L, et al: Hepatitis B and primary hepatocellular carcinoma in a European population. Lancet 1978;2:1217–1219
Yoeh, EK: Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Hongkong. In: International Center for Medical Research. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Asia. Kobe University, Kobe 1985;7–12
Noer HMS, Sulaiman HA, Akbar N, et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma in the Western Part of Indonesia.. Ibid 1985;31–42
Chung WK: Hepatocellular Carcinoma and HBV infection in Korea. Ibid 1985; 43–46
Chan SH: Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Singapore. Ibid 1985;53–56
Chainuvati T: Hepaitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma in Thailand. Ibid 1985;107–lll
Beasley RP, Hwang LY: Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Vyas GN, Dienstag JL and Hoofnagle JH, eds. Viral hepatitis and Liver Diseases. Grune and Stratton, N.Y. 1984;209–223
Obata H, Hayashi N, Motoike Y, et al: A prospective study on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma from liver cirrhosis with persistent hepatitis B virus infection. Int J Cancer 1979;25:741–747
Nomura A, Stemmermann GN, Wasnich RD: Presence of hepatitis B surface antigen before primary hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA 1982;247:2247–2249
Bassendine MF: Hepatitis B virus, chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Curr OP in Gastroenterol 1985; 1:534–540
Mitamura K: State of hepatitis B virus DNA in liver and hepatocellular carcinoma of chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. In: International Center for Medical Research. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Asia. Kobe University, Kobe 1985;89–96
Shafritz DA: Hepatitis B virus DNA in the liver of hepatitis B surface antigen carriers: Mechanistic considerations in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1982; 2:25S-41S
Brechot C, Pourcel C, Hadchouel M, et al: State of hepatitis B virus DNA in Liver diseases. Hepatology 1982;2:27S-34S
Chen DS, Hoyer BH, Nelson J, et al: Detection and properties of hepatitis B viral DNA in liver tissues from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1982;2:42S-46S
Robinson WJ, Miller RH, Klote L, et al: Hepatitis B virus and hepatocellulr carcinoma. In: Vyas GN, Dienstag JL, Hoffnagle JH eds. Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. Grune and Stratton N.Y. 1984;246–263
Alvarez S, Perez, Roman F, et al: Primary cancer of the liver in the Philippines. Asian J Med 1972;8:381–384
Barrera B, Canlas BD, Cuyegkeng J: An analysis of malignant tumors seen in the UP-PGH Medical Center during 10 years (1947–1956). Phil J Cancer 1958;2:189–215
Liboro O, Dalmacio-Cruz A, Domingo EO: Primary carcinoma of the liver - a clinicopathologic study of 100 cases. Proc 2nd Asian Congress of Gastroenterology 1960;7–80
Dalmacio-Cruz A: Primary liver carcinoma in the Philippines. J Phil Med Assoc 1963;39:928–949
Lingao AL, Domingo EO, West SK, et al: Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus in the Philippines. Am J Epidemiol 1986;123:473–480
West SK, Lingao AL, Domingo EO, et al: Incidence and prevalence of hepatitis B virus - a community bases survey in the Philippines. Am J Epidemiol 1986;123:681–689
Imai M, Tachibana F, Moritsugu Y, et al: Hepatitis B antigenassociated deoxyribouncleic acid polymerase activity and e antigen-anti-e system. Infect Immunol 1976;14:631–635
Imai M, Yamashita Y, Miyakawa Y, et al: Hemagglutinationinhibition assay of common determinants and subspecificities of Australia antigen. Immunology 1974;27:871–878
Takahashi T, Imai M, Tsuda F, et al: Association of Dane particles and antigen in the serum of asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen. J Immunol 1976;117:102–105
Okuda K, Beasley RP: Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. In Okuda K, Mackay I, eds:Heaptocellular carcinoma. Report 17, UICC Report Geneva 1982; 17:90–30
Johnson FL: Androgenic-anabolic steroids and hepatocellular carcinoma. In Okuda K, Peters RL, eds. Hepatocellular carcinoma J Wiley & Sons, New York. 1976;95–103
Nagasne N, Ito A, Yukaya H, et al: Androgen receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma and surrounding parenchyma. Gastroenterology 1985;89:643–647
Bulatao JJ, Almero E, Castro MA, et al: A case-control dietary study of primary liver cancer risk from aflatoxin exposure. Int J Epidemiol 1982;11:112–119
Harper ME, Dugaiczyk A: Linkage of the evolutionarγ-related serum albumin and alphafetoprotein genes within qll-22 of human chromosome 4. AM J Hum Genet 1983;33:565–572
Bridges BA, Harnden DG: Untangling ataxia telangiectasia. Nature 1981;289:222–223
Sy CT, Domingo, EO, Lingao AL, et al: HBV exposure and HBsAg carrier rate in a group of decompensated cirrhotics. Phil J Intern Med 1986;24:49–52
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lingao, A.L. The relationship of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis to hepatitis B virus infection in the Philippines. Gastroenterol Jpn 24, 425–433 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02774352
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02774352