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Experiences in educating rice farmers to understand biological control

Expériences lors de la formation des cultivateurs de riz à la lutte biologique

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Abstract

Traditionally, rice farmers in Asia were thought to be unable to comprehend biological control because it was too esoteric. This perception was exacerbated by vested interest that prefers to maintain monopoly of information. Hence, between 1950 to 1990, the preferred method of extending technical information to farmers was to package them in “simplistic” messages. For example, prophylactic chemical control was a common approach of many extension systems in Asian economies during that period despite evidence from ecological studies to the contrary. In fact, the dogma that chemical control is equal to modern agriculture persists to this day in some countries. Such an approach often exaggerated yield loss figures to scare and justify use of chemical insecticides which eventually resulted in further yield losses. There has been increasing evidence that in tropical Asia, natural enemies are ubiquitous in rice fields and are responsible for keeping populations of rice herbivores in check. The rise of the brown planthopper as a serious pest was linked to regular use of insecticides. Outbreaks of this delphacid in tropical rice resulted from destruction of effective predators.

With the help of biological control scientists, the FAO Intercountry Programme for Integrated Pest Control in South and Southeast Asia (ICP) presented evidence to the President of Indonesia in 1986 and secured a ban of 57 types of insecticides from rice fields. Promulgating legislative actions was a start and to sustain it an education programme to help farmers understand the importance of biological control was developed. This programme recognised that a traditional top-down process of instructing farmers would not help farmers and a non-formal education process of learning by experimenting and discovery was formulated. This approach emphasised the need for farmers to understand the rice ecosystem. Hence, rice fields became classrooms for farmers participating in the Farmer Field Schools. Farmers learned that not ail arthropods in the field are pests and to their surprise, most of the arthropods are “friendly“ insects. They discovered that these friendly insects eat herbivores. Using insecticide check and exclusion cage experiments, farmers learned of the adverse impact of insecticides and the impact of predators in keeping herbivore populations in check. The curriculum includes crop physiology, agronomy, health risks to insecticides and group dynamics. The principles of IPM emphasised in the Farmer Field Schools are: 1) Grow a healthy crop; 2) Visit fields regularly, preferably once a week to monitor field situation; 3) Understand and conserve natural enemies; 4) Farmers become experts in pest management. Adoption of this approach has led to a 60% drop in use of insecticides resulting in 13% increase in yield. Similar results were achieved in Vietnam and the Philippines. Facilitating farmers to understand biological control through field investigations is the key to successful implementation of Integrated Pest Management

Résumé

On a longtemps tenu les cultivateurs de riz asiatiques pour incapables de comprendre les principes, jugés par trop ésotériques, de la lutte biologique. Cette perception était encouragée par des groupes de pression ayant tout intérêt à maintenir un monopole de l’information dans ce domaine. Ainsi, de 1950 à 1990, la technique préférée de transmission des informations techniques consistait à délivrer des messages « simplifiés » aux cultivateurs. Pendant toute cette période par exemple, la plupart des systèmes de vulgarisation en Asie étaient fondés sur la lutte chimique prophylactique, dont les résultats de nombreuses études avaient pourtant à l’évidence démontré le danger. Le dogme selon lequel la lutte chimique est un signe d’agriculture moderne persiste encore de nos jours dans certains pays. Une telle approche vise souvent à effrayer les responsables en exagérant les pertes de récoltes afin de justifier l’emploi d’insecticides chimiques, lesquels conduiront à des pertes de récoltes supplémentaires. Les preuves s’accumulent cependant pour démontrer qu’en Asie tropicale, les ennemis naturels sont omniprésents dans les rizières où ils maîtrisent les populations de nuisibles. Ainsi, l’émergence de la cicadelle brune comme ravageur important du riz était liée à l’utilisation régulière de pesticides, les pullulations de ce delphacide dans les cultures de riz tropical étant dues à l’élimination de ses prédateurs les plus efficaces.

Avec l’aide de spécialistes en lutte biologique, le programme ICP de la FAO (Programme Inter-Etats de Protection Intégrée en Asie du Sud et du Sud-Est) a pu convaincre le Président de l’Indonésie de cette réalité en 1986 et promouvoir l’interdiction de 57 insecticides différents dans les rizières. L’action législative n’était qu’un début ; il convenait de l’accompagner par un programme de formation des cultivateurs visant à leur faire comprendre l’importance de la lutte biologique. Ce programme tendait à éviter l’écueil traditionnel de l’instruction magistrale et à la remplacer par un processus non conventionnel de formation et d’apprentissage par l’expérimentation et la découverte. Ce processus correspondait à la nécessité, pour le cultivateur de comprendre l’écosystème « riz », les rizières devenant les salles de classe des cultivateurs participant aux Ecoles Pratiques de Paysans. Les riziculteurs apprenaient ainsi que les arthropodes présents dans un champ ne sont pas tous nuisibles et observaient, à leur grande surprise, que beaucoup d’entre eux sont au contraire des alliés. Ils remarquaient aussi que ces alliés se nourrissent de nuisibles. Utilisant des parcelles-témoins traitées aux insecticides et des expériences d’exclusion sous cages, les cultivateurs découvraient l’effet négatif des insecticides et la contribution des prédateurs à la maîtrise des population d’herbivores. Le cycle complet de formation inclut physiologie de la culture, pratiques agronomiques, dangers potentiels des insecticides pour la santé humaine et dynamique de groupe. Dans le cadre des Ecoles Pratiques de Paysans, les principes de protection intégrée inculqués comprennent : 1) mise en place d’une culture saine ; 2) visite régulière, de préférence une fois par semaine afin de suivre l’évolution au champ ; 3) reconnaissance et protection des ennemis naturels ; 4) gestion des populations de nuisibles. L’adoption de cette méthode a permis de réduire le recours aux pesticides de 60 %, tout en augmentant les récoltes de 13 % en moyenne. Des résultats semblables on été obtenus au Vietnam et aux Philippines. La compréhension de la lutte biologique grâce aux expériences au champ constitue la clé de voûte de la mise en œuvre de la protection intégrée

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Ooi, P.A.C. Experiences in educating rice farmers to understand biological control. Entomophaga 41, 375–385 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02765791

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