Abstract
A number of various species of blue-stain fungi were isolated fromTomicus piniperda adults at various stages of development, as well as from the galleries, pupal chambers and sapwood underneath galleries on Japanese red pine. This study was an attempt to identify the species, composition of blue-stain fungi associated withT. piniperda, the frequency of occurrence of the fungi, and their role in the sapwood-staining of Japanese red pine in Tsukuba City, central Japan. Among the seven species of blue-stain fungi isolated, an undescribed species ofOphiostoma together withO. minus were the dominant species and closely associated withT. piniperda. These two species occurred on newly emerging adults more frequently than the overwintered adults.Hormonema dematioides was also associated with the beetle, however, its frequency of occurrence from the emerged new adults was very low. Although the two other species,O. ips andGraphium sp. were also isolated from emerged beetles, the frequency of these fungi from gallery systems suggested that they were accidentally carried byT. piniperda. Leptographium wingfieldii, known to be associated with the beetle in Europe, was also isolated at a very low frequency and the fungus seemed not to be closely associated with the beetle.Ophiostoma sp. andO. minus appear to be the most important causes of blue-stain of Japanese red pine sapwood after infestation byT. piniperda.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature cited
Aoshima, K. (1965) Studies on wood-staining fungi of Japan. Doctoral thesis, University of Tokyo. (in Japanese with English summary)
Aoshima, K. and Hayashi, Y. (1964)Ceratocystis fungi associated with pine wilt. Shinrin Boeki (Forest Pestes) 13: 103–105. (in Japanese)
Bramble, W.C. and Holst, E.C. (1940) Fungi associated withDendroctonus frontalis in killing shortleaf pines and their effect on conduction. Phytopathology 30: 881–899.
Bevan, B. (1962) Pine shoot beetle. Forestry Commission Leaflet 3. 8pp, HMSO, London.
Gibbs, J.N. (1993) The biology of ophiostomatoid fungi causing sapstain in trees and freshly cut logs.In Ceratocystis andOphiostoma, taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity. Wingfield, M.J., Seifert, K.A., and Webber, J.F. (eds.), 293pp, APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, 153–160.
Gibbs, J.N. and Inman, A. (1991) The pine shoot beetleTomicus piniperda as a vector of blue stain fungi to windblown pine. Forestry 64: 239–249.
Grosmann, H. (1931) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Lebensgemeinschaft zwischen Borkenkäfern und Pilzen. Z. Parasitenkd. 3: 56–102.
Hedgcock, G.G. (1906) Studies upon some chromogenic fungi which discolor wood. Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. Rep. 17: 59–114.
Hermanides-Nijhof, E. J. (1977)Aureobasidium and allied genera. Stud. Mycol. 15: 141–177.
Horntvedt, R., Christiansen, E., Solheim, H., and Wang, S. (1983) Artificial inoculation withIps typographus-associated blue-stain fungi can kill healthy Norway spruce trees. Medd. Nor. Inst. Skogforsk. 38: 1–20.
Kaneko, S. and Harrington, T.C. (1990)Leptographium truncatum isolated from Japanese red and black pines. Rep. Tottori Mycol. Inst. 28: 171–174.
Kaneko, S., Hasegawa, E., Yada, H., and Sato, H. (1993) Effect ofCeratocystis piceae and its metabolites on the seedlings of Japanese red pine. Trans. 104th Ann. Mtg. Jpn. For. Soc. 104: 613–614. (in Japanese)
Lagerberg, T., Lundberg, G., and Melin, E. (1927) Biological and practical researches into blueing in pine and spruce. Sven. Skogsvardsf. Tidskr. 25: 145–272, 561–691.
Långström, B. and Hellqvist, C. (1993) Induced and spontaneous attacks by pine shoot beetles on young Scots pine trees: tree mortality and beetle performance. J. Appl. Entomol. 115: 25–36.
Långström, B., Solheim, H., Hellqvist, C., and Gref, R. (1993) Effects of pruning young Scots pines on host vigour susceptibility toLeptographium wingfieldii andOphiostoma minus, two blue-stain fungi associated withTomicus piniperda. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 23: 400–415.
Lévieux, J. and Cassier, P. (1994) La vection de champignons pathoènes des résineux par les xylophages forestiers européens. Approche synthétique. Année Biol. 33: 19–37.
Lieutier, F., Yart, A., Garcia, J., Ham, M.C., Morelet, M., and Lévieux, J. (1989) Champignon phytopathogènes associés à deux coléoptères scolytidae du pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.) et ètude préliminaire de leur agressivité envers l’hôte. Ann. Sci. For. 46: 201–216.
MacCallum, B.D. (1922) Some wood-staining fungi. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 7: 231–236.
Mathiesen, A. (1950) Über einige mit Borkenkäfern assoziierte Bläuepilze in Schweden. Oikos 2: 275–308.
Mathiesen-Käärik, A. (1953) Eine Übersicht über die gewöhnlichsten mit Borkenkäfern assoziierten Bläuepilze in Schweden und einige für Schweden neue Bläuepilze. Medd. Statens Skogsforskningsinst. 43 (4): 1–74
Mathre, D.E. (1964a) Survey ofCeratocystis spp. associated with bark beetles in California. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 22: 353–362.
Mathre, D.E. (1964b) Pathogenicity ofCeratocystis ips andCeratocystis minor toPinus ponderosa. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 22: 363–389.
McCullough, D. C. and Smitley, D. R. (1995) Evaluation of insecticides to reduce maturation feeding byTomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Scotch Pine. J. Econ. Entomol. 88: 693–699.
Morelet, M. (1988) Observations sur trois Deutéromycètes inféodés aux pins. Ann. Soc. Sci. Nat. Archéol. Toulon. 40: 41–45.
Nishikado, Y. and Yamauchi, K. (1933) Contributions to the knowledge of the sap stains of wood in Japan. 1. Studies onCeratostimella ips Rumbold, the cause of a blue stain in pine tree in Western Japan. Ohara Inst. Landw. Forsch. Ber. 5: 501–538.
Oda, K. (1967) The method to judge the tree which have potential for mortality by pine wilt disease. Forest Pest (Shinrin Boeki) 16: 263–266. (in Japanese)
Redfern, D. B., Stoakley, J. T., Steele, H., and Winter, D. W. (1987) Dieback and death of larch caused byCeratocystis laricicola sp. nov. following attack byIps cembrae. Plant Pathol. 36: 467–480.
Rennerfelt, E. (1950) Über den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Verblauen des Holzes und den Insekten. Oikos 2: 120–137.
Robinson, R. C. (1962) Blue stain fungi in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var.latifolia Engelm.) infested by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk.). Can. J. Bot. 40: 609–614.
Rumbold, C.T. (1931) Two blue-staining fungi associated with bark-beetle infestation of pines. J. Agric. Res. 43: 847–873.
Seifert, K. A. and Okada, G. (1993)Graphium anamorphs ofOphiostoma species and similar anamorphs of other ascomycetes.In Ceratocystis andOphiostoma, taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity. Wingfield, M.J., Seifert, K.A., and Webber, J.F. (eds.), 293pp, APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, 27–41.
Siemaszko, W. (1939) Zespoty grzybow towarzysacych kornikom polskim (Fungi associated with bark-beetle in Poland). Planta Pol. 7:1–54.
Solheim, H. (1992) Fungal succession in sapwood of Norway spruce infested by the bark beetleIps typographus. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 22:136–148.
Solheim, H. (1995) Early stages of blue-stain fungus invasion of lodge-pole pine sapwood following mountain pine beetle attack. Can. J. Bot. 73: 70–74.
Solheim, H. and Långström, B. (1991) Blue-stain fungi associated withTomicus piniperda in Sweden and preliminary observations on their pathogenicity. Ann. Sci. For. 48: 149–156.
Solheim, H., Långström, B., and Hellqvist, C. (1993) Pathogenicity of the blue-stain fungiLeptographium wingfieldii andOphiostoma minus to Scots pine: effect of tree pruning and inoculum density. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 1438–1443.
Upadhyay, H.P. (1981) A monograph ofCeratocystis andCeratocystiopsis. 176pp, Univ. Georgia Press, Athens, GA.
Webber, J.F. and Brasier, C. M. (1984) Transmission of Dutch elm disease: a study of the processes involved.In Invertebrate-microbial Interactions. Anderson, J., Rayner, A. D. M., and Walton, D. (eds.), 359pp, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 271–306.
Webber, J.F. and Gibbs, J.N. (1989) Insect dissemination of fungal pathogens of trees.In Insect-fungus interactions. Wilding, N., Collins, N.M., Hammond, P.M., and Webber, J.F. (eds.), 344pp, Academic Press, London, 161–189.
Whitney, H.S. (1971) Association ofDendroctonus ponderosae with blue stain fungi and yeasts during blood development in lodgepole pine. Can. Entomol. 103: 1495–1503.
Whitney, H.S. (1982) Relationships between bark beetles and symbiotic organisms.In Bark beetles in North American conifers. A System for the Study of Evolutionary Biology. Mitton, J.B. and Sturgeon, K.B. (eds.), 539pp, Univ. Texas Press, Austin, 183–211.
Wingfield, M.J. and Gibbs, J.N. (1991)Leptographium andGraphium species associated with pine-infesting bark beetles in England. Mycol. Res. 95: 1257–1260.
Wingfield, M.J. and Marasas, W.F.O. (1980)Ceratocystis ips associated withOrthomicus erosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) onPinus spp. in the Cape Province of South Africa. Phytophylactica 12: 65–69.
Yamaoka, Y., Hiratsuka, Y., and Maruyama, P.J. (1995) The ability ofOphiostoma clavigerum to kill mature lodgepole pine tree. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 25: 401–404.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Masuya, H., Kaneko, S. & Yamaoka, Y. Blue stain fungi associated withTomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on Japanese red pine. J For Res 3, 213–219 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02762195
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02762195