Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pituitary insulin-like growth factors

  • Review
  • Published:
Endocrine Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II peptides as well as their mRNAs are produced in many organs, including the pituitary. Although IGF-I and IGF-II peptides are localized in endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary, IGF-I mRNA can be detected throughout the adenohypophysis, and IGF-II mRNA is abundant in intermediate and neural lobes.

It is well-established that both circulating and intrinsic IGF-I are negative regulators of pituitary GH production. Other functions of intrinsic IGFs in normal and tumorous pituitary are just emerging. IGF-I may play a role in the stimulation of PRL synthesis and mediation of proliferative effects of estrogen on lactotroph. Compared with IGF-I, the function of IGF-II has not been clarified so far. The growth-promoting actions of IGFs are mediated by IGF-I receptor. The role of local and circulating IGFBPs in pituitary are not yet documented. IGFBPs in other tissues have inhibitory and stimulatory effects on IGFs, and can act independently from the IGFs as well.

IGFs have been reported to promote cell proliferation in many tumors. However, the extent to which IGFs contribute to pituitary tumor development and growth remains obscure.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Rinderknecht E, Humbel RE. The amino acid sequence of human insulin-like growth factor I and its structural homology with proinsulin. J Biol Chem 253:2769–2776, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Rinderknecht E, Humbel RE. Primary structure of human insulin-like growth factor II. FEBS Lett 89:283–286, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Giudice LC, De Zegher F, Gargosky SE, Dsupin BA, De Las Fuentes L, Crystal RA, Hintz RL, Rosenfeld RG. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in the term and preterm human fetus and neonate with normal and extremes of intrauterine growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1548–1555, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Daughaday WH, Rotwein P. Insulin-like growth factors-I and-II. Peptide, messenger ribonucleic acid and gene structures, serum, and tissue concentrations. Endocr Rev 10:68–90, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Schwander JC, Hauri C, Zapf J, Froesch ER. Synthesis and secretion of insulin-like growth factor and its binding protein by the perfused rat liver: dependence on growth hormone status. Endocrinology 113:297–305, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. D'Ercole AJ, Stiles AD, Underwood LE. Tissue concentrations of somatomedin C: further evidence for multiple sites of synthesis and paracrine or autocrine mechanism of action. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:935–939, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lahm H, Amstad P, Wyniger J, Vilmaz A, Fischer JR, Schreyer M, Givel JC. Blockade of the insulin-like growth-factor-I receptor inhibits growth of human colorectal cancer cells: evidence of a functional IGF-II-mediated autocrine loop. Int J Cancer 58:452–459, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Sullivan KA, Castle VP, Hanash SM, Feldman EL. Insulin-like growth factor II in the pathogenesis of human neuroblastoma. Am J Pathol 147:1790–1798, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. DeChiara TM, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A. Parental imprinting of the mouse insulin-like growth factor II gene. Cell 64:849–859, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Valentinis B, Bhala A, DeAngelis T, Baserga R, Cohen P. The human insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 inhibits the growth of fibroblasts with a targeted disruption of the IGF-I receptor gene. Mol Endocrinol 9:361–367, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bach MA, Bondy CA. Anatomy of the pituitary insulin-like growth factor system. Endocrinology 131:2588–2594, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Booth BA, Bar SR, Boes M, Dake BL, Bayne M, Cascieri M. Intrinsic bioactivity of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins from vascular endothelial cells. Endocrinology 127:2630–2638, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hill DJ, Clemmons DR, Wilson S, Han VK, Strain AJ, Milner RD. Immunological distribution of one form of insulin-like growth factor(IGF)-binding protein and IGF peptides in human fetal tissues. J Mol Endocrinol 2:31–38, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. De Leon DD, Wilson DM, Powers M, Rosenfeld RG. Effects of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF receptor antibodies on the proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Growth Factors 6:327–336, 1992.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Andersson I, Billig H, Fryklund L, Hansson HA, Isakason O, Isagaard J, Nilsson A, Rozell B, Skottner A, Stemme S. Localization of IGF-I in adult rats. Immunohistochemical studies. Acta Physiol Scand 126:311, 312, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Edmondson SR, Werther GA, Russell A, LeRoith D, Roberts CT Jr, Beck F. Localization of growth hormone receptor/binding protein messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) during rat fetal development: relationship to insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA. Endocrinology 136:4602–4609, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Stefaneanu L, Kovacs K. Adenohypophysial morphology in transgenic dwarf mice with cerebral production of human growth hormone. Acta Anat 152:19–27, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Wood TL. Gene-targeting and transgenic approaches to IGF and IGF binding protein function. Am J Physiol 269(4 Pt 1):E613–622, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Aguado F, Fernández T, Martinez-Murillo R, Rodrigo J, Cacicedo L, Sánchez-Franco F. Immunocytochemical localization of insulin-like growth factor I in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system of the adult rat. Neuroendocrinology 56:856–863, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Lü F, Yang K, Han VKM, Challis JRG. Expression, distribution, regulation and function of IGFs in the ovine fetal pituitary. J Mol Endocrinol 14:323–336, 1995.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Lee WH, Bowsher RR, Apathy JM, Smith MC, Henry DP. Measurement of insulin-like growth factor-II in physiological fluids and tissues. II. Extraction and quantification in rat tissues. Endocrinology 128:815–822, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Goodyer CG, De Stephano L, Lai WH, Guyda HJ, Posner BI. Characterization of insulin-like growth factor receptors in rat anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, and brain. Endocrinology 114:1187–1195, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Rosenfeld RG, Ceda G, Wilson DM, Dollar LA, Hoffman AR. Characterization of high affinity receptors for insulin-like growth factors I and II on rat anterior pituitary cells. Endocrinology 114:1571–1575, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ocrant I, Valentino KL, Hoffman AR, Hintz RL, Wilson DM, Rosenfeld RG. Structural characterization and immunohistochemical localization of receptors for insulin-like growth factor II in the rat pituitary gland. Neuroendocrinology 49:248–254, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Enjoh T, Hizuka N, Perdue JF, Takano K, Fujiwara H, Higashihashi N, Marumoto Y, Fukuda I, Sakano K. Characterization of new monoclonal antibodies to human insulin-like growth factor-II and theirapplication in western immunoblot analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:510–517, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Alberti VN, Takita LC, de Mesquita MI, Percario S, Maciel RM. Immunohistochemical demonstration of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in normal and pathological human pituitary gland. Pathol Res Pract 187:541, 542, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Haselbacher GK, Schwab ME, Pasi A, Humbel RE. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF II) in human brain: regional distribution of IGF II and of higher molecular mass forms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:2153–2157, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Huang ZH, Clayton PE, Brady G, Morris ID. Insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression in human granulosa-lutein cells. J Mol Endocrinol 12:283–291, 1994.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Stefaneanu L, Thapar K, Kovacs K. In situ hybridization study of insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA in human pituitary adenomas. J Surg Pathol, Abstracts 2(Suppl Jan.), 0 Abstract nr 182, 1995.

  30. Fagin JA, Pixley S, Slanina S, Ong J, Melmed S. Insulin-like growth factor I gene expression in GH3 rat pituitary cells: messenger ribonucleic acid content, immunocytochemistry, and secretion. Endocrinology 120:2037–2043, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Baccarini P, Fiorentino M, D'Errico A, Mancini AM, Grigioni WF. Detection of anti-sense transcripts of the insulin-like growth factor-2 gene in Wilms' tumor. Am J Pathol 143:1535–1542, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Glick RP, Unterman TG. Radioimmunoassay of insulin-like growth factors I and II in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with pituitary and other central nervous system tumors. Neurosurgery 36:556–564, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Zumkeller W, Sääf M, Rähn T, Hall K. Demonstration of insulin-like growth factors I, II and heterogenous insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the cyst fluid of patients with craniopharyngioma. Neuroendocrinology 54:196–201, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Stylianopoulou F, Efstratiadis A, Herbert J, Pintar J. Pattern of the insulin-like growth factor II gene expression during rat embryogenesis. Development 103:497–506, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Liu JP, Baker J, Perkins AS, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A. Mice carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factor I (Igf-I) and type 1 IGF receptor (Igf-Ir). Cell 75:59–72, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Powell-Braxton L, Hollingshead P, Warburton C, Dowd M, Pitts-Meek S, Dalton D, Gillett N, Stewart TA. IGF-I is required for normal embryonic growth in mice. Genes Dev 7:2609–2617, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Stefaneanu L, Powell-Baxton L, Kovacs K, Tampanaru A. Adenohypophysial morphology of mice with inactive insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Endocr Pathol 6:382,383, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Michels KM, Lee WH, Seltzer A, Saavedra JM, Bondy CA. Upregulation of pituitary [125I]insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) binding and IGF binding protein-2 and IGF-I gene expression by estrogen. Endocrinology 132:23–29, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lara JI, Lorenzo MJ, Cacicedo L, Tolon RM, Balsa JA, Lopez-Fernandez J, Sanchez-Franco F. Induction of vasoactive intestinal peptide gene expression and prolactin secretion by insulin-like growth factor I in rat pituitary cells: evidence for an autoparacrine regulatory system. Endocrinology 135:2526–2532, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kanematsu T, Irahara M, Miyake T, Shitsukawa K, Aono T. Effect of insulin-like factor I on gonadotropin release from the hypothalamus-pituitary axis in vitro. Acta Endocrinol (Copenhagen) 125:227–233, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Soldani R, Cagnacci A, Yen SSC. Insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-II enhance basal and gonadorropin-releasing hormone-stimulated luteinizing hormone release from rat anterior pituitary cells in vitro. Eur J Endocrinol 131:641–645, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. DeChiara TM, Efstratiadis A, Robertson EJ. A growth-deficiency phenotype in heterozygous mice carrying an insulin-like growth factor II gene disrupted by targeting. Nature 345:78–80, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Samaan NA, Schultz PN, Pham FK. Insulin-like growth factor II and nonsuppressible insulin-like activity levels in newborns. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:1836–1839, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Verhaeghe J, Van Bree R, Van Herck E, Laureys J, Bouillon R, Van Assche FA. C-Peptide, the insulin-like growth factors-I and-II, and IGF-binding protein 1 in umbilical cord serum: correlations with birthweight. Am I Obstet Gynecol 169:89–97, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Gluckman PD, Barrett-Johnson JJ, Butler JH, Edgar B, Gunn TR. Studies of insulin-like growth factor I and II by specific radioligand assays in umbilical cord blood. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) 19:405–413, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Lassarre C, Hardouin S Daffos F, Forestier F, Frankenne F, Binoux M. Serum insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the human fetus. Relationships with growth in normal subjects and in subjects with intrauterine growth retardation. Pediatr Res 29:219–225, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Susa JB, Widness JA, Hintz R, Liu F, Sehgal P, Schwartz R. Somatomedin and insulin in diabetic pregnancies: effects of fetal macrosomia in human and rhesus monkey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 58:1099–1105, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Mesiano S, Mellon SH, Jaffe RB. Mitogenic action, regulation, and localization of insulin-like growth factors in the human fetal adrenal gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:968–976, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Goodyer CG, De Stephano L, Guyda HJ, Posner BI. Effects of insulin-like growth factors on adult male rat pituitary function in tissue culture. Endocrinology 115:1568–1576, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Goodyer CG, Marcovitz S, Hardy J, Lefebvre Y, Guyda HJ, Posner BI. Effect of insulin-like growth factors on human foetal, adult normal and tumor pituitary function in tissue culture. Acta Endocrinol 112:49–57, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Simes JM, Wallace JC, Walton PK. The effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-II and des(1–3)IGF-I, a potent IGF analogue, on growth hormone and IGF-binding protein secretion from cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. J Endocrinol 130:93–99, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ceda GP, Davis RG, Rosenfeld RG, Hoffman AR. The growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH)-GH-somatomedin axis: evidence for rapid inhibition of GHRH-elicited GH release by insulin-like growth factors I and II. Endocrinology 120:1658–1662, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Bach LA, Salemi R, Leeding KS. Roles of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors and IGF-binding proteins in IGF-II-induced proliferation and differentiation of L6A1 rat myoblasts. Endocrinology 136:5061–5069, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Weber MM, Melmed S, Rosenbloom J, Yamasaki H, Prager D. Rat somatotroph insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) signaling: role of IGF-I receptor. Endocrinology 131:2147–2153, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Clemmons DR, Elgin RG, Han VKM, Casella SJ, D'Ercole AJ, Van Wyk JJ. Cultured fibroblast monolayers secrete a protein that alters the cellular binding of somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I. J Clin Invest 77:1548–1556, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Guler HP, Zapf J, Schmid C, Froesch ER. Insulin-like growth factors I and II in healthy man. Estimations of half-lives and production rates. Acta Endocrinol 121:753–758, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Salmon WD Jr, DuVall MR. A serum fraction with “sulfation factor activity” stimulates in vitro incorporation of leucine and sulfate into protein-polysaccharide complexes, uridine into RNA, and thymidine into DNA of costal cartilage from hypophysectomized rats. Endocrinology 86:721–727, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Salmon WD Jr, DuVall MR. In vitro stimulation of leucine incorporation into muscle and cartilage protein by a serum fraction with sulfation factor activity: differentiation of effects from those of growth hormone and insulin. Endocrinology 87:1168–1180, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Cohen P, Fielder PJ, Hasegawa Y, Frisch H, Giudice LC, Rosenfield RG. Clinical aspects of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Acta Endocrinol (Copenhagen) 124(Suppl 2): 74–85, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Zapf J, Hauri C, Waldvogel M, Froesch ER. Acute metabolic effects and half-lives of intravenously administered insulin-like growth factor I and II in normal and hypophysectomized rats. J Clin Invest 77:1768–1775, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Jones JI, Clemmons DR. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions. Endocr Rev 16:3–33, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Binoux M, Hossenlopp P. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF-binding proteins: comparison of human serum and lymph. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:509–514, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ritvos O, Ranta T, Jalkanen J, Sukkari AM, Voultilainen R, Bohn H, Rutanen EM. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein from human decidua inhibits the binding and biological action of IGF-I in cultured choriocarcinoma cells. Endocrinology 122: 2150–2157, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Oh Y, Muller HL, Lamson G, Rosenfeld RG. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-independent action of IGF_binding protein-3 in Hs578T human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 268:14,964–14,971, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. LaTour D, Mohan S, Linkhart TA, Baylink DJ, Strong DD. Inhibitory insulin-like growth factor-binding protein: cloning, complete sequence, and physiological regulation. Mol Endocrinol 4:1806–1814, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Elgin RG, Busby WH, Clemmons DR. An insulin-like growth factor binding protein enhances the biological response to IGF-I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:3254–3258, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Geary ES, Lim M, Ceda GP, Ro S, Rosenfeld RG, Hoffman AR. Tri-iodothyronine regulates insulin-like growth factor 1 binding to cultured rat pituitary cells. J Neuroendocrinol 1:178–184, 1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Atkin SL, Landolt AM, Jeffreys RV, Hipkin L, Radcliffe J, Square CR, White MC. Differential effects of insulin like growth factor-I on the hormonal product and proliferation of glycoprotein-secreting human pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:1059–1066, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Newton CJ, Trapp T, Pagotto U, Renner U, Buric R, Stalla GK. The oestrogen receptor modulates growth of pituitary tumour cells in the absence of exogenous oestrogen. J Mol Endocrinol 12:303–312, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Atkin SL, Landolt AM, Foy P, Jeffreys RV, Hipkin L, White MC. Effects of insulin-like growth factor-I on growth hormone and prolactin secretion and cell proliferation of human somatotrophinomas and prolactinomas in vitro. Clin Endocrinol 41:503–509, 1994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Harris PE, Daniels M, James RA, Turner SJ, Dewar J, Kendall-Taylor P. Effects of insulin-like growth factor-II on growth hormone release from human somatotrophinoma cells in vitro. J Endocrinol 129:447–451, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Christofori G, Naik P, Hanahan D. A second signal supplied by insulin-like growth factor II in oncogene-induced tumorigenesis. Nature 369:414–418, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Zarrilli R, Pignata S, Romano M, Gravina A, Casola S, Bruni CB, Acquaviva AM. Expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II and IGF-I receptor during proliferation and differentiation of CaCo-2 human colon carcinoma cells. Cell Growth Differentiation 5:1085–1091, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kovacs K, Horvath E. Tumors of the pituitary gland. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Thapar K, Kovacs K, Laws ER. The classification and molecular biology of pituitary adenomas In: Symon et al., ed. Advance and technical standard in neurosurgery. Vol. 22. Wien: Springer-Verlag, 1995; 3–53.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Beilharz EJ, Bassett NS, Sirimanne ES, Williams CE, Gluckman PD. Insulin-like growth factor II is induced during wound repair following hypoxic-ischemic injury in the developing rat brain. Mol Brain Res 29:81–91, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Fagin JA, Brown A, Melmed S. Regulation of pituitary insulin-like growth factor-I messenger ribonucleic acid levels in rats harboring somatomammotropic tumors: implications for growth hormone autoregulation. Endocrinology 122:2204–2210, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Bermann M, Jaffe CA, Tsai W, DeMott-Friberg R, Barkan AL. Negative feedback regulation of pulsatile growth hormone secretion by insulin-like growth factor I. J Clin Invest 94:138–145, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Uchiyama T, Kaji H, Abe H, Chihara K. Negative regulation of hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor messenger ribonucleic acid by growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I. Neuroendocrinology 59:441–450, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Sato M, Frohman LA. Differential effects of central and peripheral administration of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor on hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone and somatostatin gene expression in GH-deficient dwarf rats. Endocrinology 133:793–799, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Becker K, Stegenga S, Conway S. Role of insulin-like growth factor I in regulating growth hormone release and feedback in the male rat. Neuroendocrinology 61:573–583, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Stefaneanu L, Kovacs K, Bartke A. In situ hybridization study of growth hormone, prolactin, and proopiomelanocortin mRNAs in adenophypophyses of mice transgenic for human growth hormone. Endocr Pathol 4:73–78, 1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Fletcher TP, Thomas GB, Dunshea FR, Moore LG, Clarke IJ. IGF feedback effects on growth hormone secretion in ewes: evidence for action at the pituitary but not the hypothalamic level. J Endocrinol 144:323–331, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Matsuo K, Yamashita S, Namba H, Niwa M, Harakawa S, Izumi M, Nagataki S. Modulation of pituitary insulin-like growth factor-I bindings in rats bearing somatomammotrophic tumors. J Endocrinol Invest 16:189–194, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Fagin JA, Fernandez-Mejia C, Melmed S. Pituitary insulin-like growth factor I gene expression: regulation by triiodothyronine and growth hormone. Endocrinology 125:2385–2391, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Latimer AM, Hausman GJ, McCusker RH, Buonomo FC. The effect of thyroxine on serum and tissue concentrations of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and-II) and IGF-binding proteins in the fetal pig. Endocrinology 133:1312–1319, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Frystyk J, Gronbaek H, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A. Effect of hyperthyroidism on circulating levels of free and total IGF-I and IGFBPs in rats. Am J Physiol 265(5 Pt 1): E840–845, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Kim JD, Nanto-Salonen K, Szczepankiewicz JR, Rosenfeld RG, Glasscock GF. Evidence for pituitary regulation of somatic growth, insulin-like growth factors-I and-II, and their binding proteins in the fetal rat, Pediatr Res 33:144–151, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Turner JD, Rotwein P, Novakofski J, Bechtel PJ. Induction of mRNA for IGF-I and-II during growth hormone-stimulated muscle hypertrophy. Am J Physiol 255(4 Pt 1):E513–517, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Ahmed I, Lauterio TJ. Intracerebroventricular injection of insulin or glucose alters insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) concentrations in specific hypothalamic nuclei. Brain Res 595:242–248, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Lauterio TJ, Aravich PF, Rotwein P. Divergent effects of insulin on insulin-like growth factor II gene expression in rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology 126:392–398, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Tindall GT, Oyesiku NM, Watts NB, Clark RV, Christy JH, Adams DA. Transsphenoidal adenomectomy for growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas in acromegaly: outcome analysis and determinants of failure. J Neurosurg 78:205–215, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Pagesy P, Li JY, Kujas M, Peillon F, Delalande O, Visot A, Derome P. Apparently silent somatotroph adenomas. Pathol Res Practice 187:950–956, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Yamada S, Sano T, Stefaneanu L, Kovacs K, Aiba T, Sawano S, Shishiba Y. Endocrine and morphological study of a clinically silent somatotroph adenoma of the human pituitary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 76:352–356, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Guler HP, Zapf J, Froesch ER. Short-term metabolic effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in healthy adults. N Engl J Med 317:137–140, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Trainer PJ, Holly J, Medbak S, Rees LH, Besser GM. The effect of recombinant IGF-I on anterior pituitary function in healthy volunteers. Clin Endocrinol 41:801–807, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Dunger DB, Cheetham TD, Crowne EC. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF-I treatment in the adolescent with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metab Clin Exp 44(10 Suppl 4):119–123, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Laron Z, Klinger B, Erster B, Anin S. Effect of acute administration of insulin-like growth factor I in patients with Laron-type dwarfism. Lancet 2:1170–1172, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, 890, Kagoshima, Japan

    Shunichi Yokoyama MD, PhD

  2. Department of Pathology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Lucia Stefaneanu PhD & Kalman Kovacs MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Shunichi Yokoyama MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lucia Stefaneanu PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kalman Kovacs MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shunichi Yokoyama MD, PhD.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yokoyama, S., Stefaneanu, L. & Kovacs, K. Pituitary insulin-like growth factors. Endocr Pathol 8, 167–179 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02738783

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02738783

Key Words

Search

Navigation