References
(1997), Guidelines for the Diagnosis and the Management of Asthma. Expert panel report II. MD: National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, Bethesda, MD, April. NIH publication no. 97-4051.
(1997), British guidelines on asthma management, 1995 review and position statement.Thorax 48 (Suppl.), S1–S21.
Picado, C. (1996),Eur. Respir. J. 9, 1775–1778.
Fanta, C. H. (1997), inAsthma, Barnes, P. J., Grunstein, M. M., Leff, A. R., and Woolcock, A. J., eds., Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp. 1931–1943.
Greenberger, P. A. (1992),Chest 101 (Suppl), 401S, 402S.
Rubinfeld, A. R. and Pain, M. C. (1976),Lancet 24, 882–884.
Kikuchi, Y., Okabe, S., Tamura, G., Hida, W., Homma, M., Shirato, K., et al. (1994),N. Engl. J. Med. 330, 1329–1334.
Hartert, T. V., Windom, H. H., Peebles, R. S., Jr., Freidhof, L. R., and Togias, A. (1996),Am. J. Med. 100, 386–394.
Meijer, R. J., Kerstjens, H. A. M., and Postma, D. S. (1997),Eur. Respir. J. 10, 1163–1172.
Pearson, M. G., Spence, D. P., Ryland, I., and Harrison, B. D. W. (1993),Br. Med. J. 307, 659.
Nowak, R. M., Tomlanovitch, M. C., Sarkar, D. D., Kvale, P. A., and Anderson, J. A. (1983),JAMA 249, 2043–2046.
Carruthers, D. M. and Harrison, B. D. W. (1995),Thorax 50, 186–188.
McFadden, E. R. and Lyons, H. A. (1968),N. Engl. J. Med. 278, 1027–1032.
Turner, M. O., Noertjojo, K., Vedal, S., Bai, T., Crump, S., and Fitzgerald, J. M. (1998),Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157, 1804–1809.
Chan-Yeung, M., Chang, J. H., Manfreda, J., Ferguson, A., and Becker, A. (1996),Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 154, 889–893.
Arnold, A. G., Lane, D. J., and Zapata, E. (1982),Br. J. Dis. Chest 76, 157–163.
Wasserfallen, J. B., Schaller, M. D., Feihl, F., and Perret, C. H. (1990),Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 142, 108–111.
Picado, C., Montserrat, J. M., Roca, J., et al. (1983),Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 64, 102–107.
Spinozzi, F. and Grignani, F. (1991),N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 306–307.
O’Hollaren, M. T., Yunginger, J. W., Offord, K. P., et al. (1991),N. Engl. J. Med. 324, 359–363.
Sampson, H. A., Mendelson, L., and Rosen, J. P. (1992),N. Engl. J. Med. 327, 380–384.
Strunk, R. C. (1993),Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148, 550–552.
Sur, S., Crotty, T. B., Kephart, G. M., Hyma, B. A., Colby, T. V., Reed, C. E., et al. (1993),Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148, 713–719.
Vignola, A. M., Bonsignore, G., Chanez, P., and Bousquet, J. (1998), inFatal Asthma, Sheffer, A. L., ed. Dekker, New York, pp. 139–155.
Lipworth, B. J. (1997)Lancet 350 (Suppl II), 18–23.
Corbridge, T. C. and Hall, J. B. (1995),Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151, 1296–1316.
Edmond, S. D., Camargo, C. A., Jr., and Nowak, R. M. (1997),Ann. Emerg. Med. 31, 579–589.
Idris, A. H., Mcdermott, M. F., Raucci, J. C., Morrabel, A., McGorray, S., and Hendeles, I. (1993),Chest 103, 665–672.
Colacone, A., Afilalo, M., Wolkove, N., and Kreisman, H. (1993),Chest 104, 835–841.
Clark, D. J. and Lipworth, B. J. (1996),Thorax 51, 981–984.
Tonnessen, F., Laursen, L. C., Evald, T., Stahl, E., and Ibsen, T. B. (1994),Chest 105, 697–700.
Silverman, R., Sellers, J., Greene, S., Flaster, E., and Colice, G. (1998),Chest 114, 766–770.
Karpel, J. P., Appel, D., Breidbart, D., and Fusco, M. J. (1986),Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 133, 727–729.
Karpel, J. P., Schacter, E. N., Fanta, C., Levey, D., Spiro, P., Aldrich, T., et al. (1996),Chest 110, 611–616.
Fitzgerald, M. K., Grunfeld, A., Pare, P. D., et al. (1997),Chest 11, 311–315.
Lanes, S. F., Garrett, J. E., Wentworth, C. E., 3rd, Fitzgerald, J. M., and Karpel, J. P. (1998),Chest 114, 362–372.
Lin, R. Y., Pesola, G. R., Bakalchuk, L., Morgan, J. P., Heyl, G. T., Freyberg, C. W., et al. (1998),Ann. Emerg. Med.,31, 208–213.
Siegel, D., Sheppard, D., Gelb, A., and Weinberg, P. F. (1985),Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 132, 283–286.
Rodrigo, C. and Rodrigo, G. (1994),Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 106, 1071–1076.
Fanta, C. H., Rossing, T. H., and McFadden, E. R., Jr. (1983),Am. J. Med. 74, 845–851.
Littenberg, B. and Gluck, E. H. (1986),N. Engl. J. Med. 314, 150–152.
Webb, J. R. (1986),Br. Med. J. 292, 1045–1047.
Rowe, B. H., Keller, J. L., and Oxman, A. D. (1986),Am. J. Emerg. Med. 10, 301–310.
Barnes, P. J. (1995),Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152, 838–860.
Adcock, I. M., Stevens, D. A., and Barnes, P. J. (1996),Eur. Respir. J. 9, 160–168.
Rodrigo, C. and Rodrigo, G. (1998),Chest 113, 593–598.
Levy, B. D., Kitch, B., and Fanta, C. H. (1998),Intensive Care Med. 24, 105–117.
Moutain, R. D. and Sahn, S. A. (1988),Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138, 535–539.
Salmeron, S., Brochard, L., Mal, H., Tenaillon, A., Henry-Amar, M., Renon, D., et al. (1994),Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149, 1466–1470.
Zainudin, B. M., Tolfree, S. E., Short, M., and Spiro, S. G. (1988),Thorax 43 987–991.
Chapman, K. R., Verbeek, P. R., White, J. G., and Rebuck, S. A. (1991),N. Engl. J. Med. 324, 788–794.
O’Driscoll, B. R., Kalra, S., Wilson, M., Pickering, C. A. C., Caroll, K. B., and Woodcock, A. A. (1993),Lancet 341, 324–327.
Hatton, M. Q., Vathenen, A. S., Allen, M. J., Davies, S., and Cooke, N. (1995),Respir. Med. 89, 101–104.
D’Souza, W., Crane, J., Burgess, C., Te Karu, H., Fox, C., Harper, M., et al. (1994),Eur. Respir. J. 7, 1260–1265.
Charlton, I., Charlton, G., Broomfield, J., and Mullee, M. A. (1990),Br. Med. J. 301, 1355–1359.
Cowie, R. L., Revitt, S. G., Underwood, M. F., and Field, S. K. (1997),Chest 112, 1534–1538.
Blais, L., Ernst, P., Boivin, J.-F., and Suissa, S. (1998),Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 158, 126–132.
Donahue, J. G., Weiss, S. T., Livingston, J. M., Goetsch, M. A., Greineder, D. K., and Platt, R. (1997),JAMA 277, 887–891.
Gottlieb, D. J., Beiser, A. S., and O’Connor, G. T. (1995),Chest 108, 28–35.
Ernst, P., Spitzer, W. O., Suissa, S., et al. (1992),JAMA 268, 3462–3464.
Ruffin, R. E., Latimer, K. M., and Schembri, D. A. (1991),Chest 99, 77–83.
Greening, A. P., Ind, P. W., Northfield, M., and Shaw, G. (1994),Lancet 344, 219–224.
Faurschou, P., Steffensen, I., and Jacques, L. (1996),Eur. Respir. J. 9, 1885–1890.
Pauwels, R. A., Lofdahl, C.-G., Postma, D. S., et al. (1997),N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 1405–1411.
Evans, D. J., Taylor, D. A., Zetterstrom, O., Chung, K. F., O’Connor, B. J., and Barnes, P. J. (1997),N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 1412–1418.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Salmeron, S., Bard, M., Blanc, F.X. et al. Severe acute asthma. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 17, 449–458 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02737649
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02737649