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Snell’s law and the gravitational deflection of a photon

Закон Снелла и грави тационное отклонени е фотона

  • Published:
Il Nuovo Cimento B (1971-1996)

Summary

The particle picture of light in a gravitational field, described previously, is further developed to yield, by successive approximations, the exact particle Hamiltonian and the corresponding metric associated with the Schwarzschild field. The analysis is carried out in two co-ordinate systems, which checks general covariance for a special case and, in addition, clarifies the role played by gravitational self-energy. The previous derivation of the photon’s effective mass in a refractive medium is simplified, and a derivation of the Hamiltonian based on the wave-particle complementarity is also presented.

Riassunto

Si sviluppa ulteriormente la rappresentazione corpuscolare della luce in un campo gravitazionale, già descritta, in modo da ottenere, per successive approssimazioni, l’hamiltoniana corpuscolare esatta e la metrica corrspondente associata con il campo di Schwarzschild. Si esegue l’analisi in due sistemi di coordinate, controllando così la covarianza generale e, inoltre, chiarendo il ruolo ricoperto dall’autoenergia gravitazionale. Si semplifica la precedente deduzione della massa effettiva del fotone in un mezzo rifrangente, e si presenta anche una deduzione dell’hamiltoniana basata sulla complementarità onda-particella.

Резюме

Предлагается дальне йшее развитие предва рительно описанной корпускулярной моде ли света в гравитаци онном поле, чтобы дат ьпутем последовательных пр иближений точный Гам ильтониан частиц и с оответствующую метрику, связанную с полем Шварцшильда. П роводится анализ в д вух системах координат, который п роверяет общую ковар иантность для специа льного случая и, кроме того, проясняе т роль, которую играе т собственная грави тационная энергия. Упрощается прежний вывод эффективной м ассы фотона в прелом ляющей среде, а также предлагается вывод Гамильтониана, осно ванный на дополните льности волны и част ицы.

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References

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  2. The earliest reference to a recognition of this logical alternative that we have been able to locate, so far, is T. Preston:The Theory of Light (London, 1895). A more recent reference isW. C. Michels, M. Correl andA. L. Patterson:Foundations of Physics (Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1968). But note these authors do not treat refraction as a conservative process, as we do. A clear discussion of the logical foundations of the Foucault experiment is given byP. Frank:Philosophy of Science (Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1957).

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  6. The transformation connecting the two frames is given by\(r = \bar r(1 + GM/2\bar rc^2 )^2 \). For a treatment and review from a formal general relativistic standpoint, seeF. R. Tangherlini:Nuovo Cimento,38, 153 (1965).

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Tangherlini, F.R. Snell’s law and the gravitational deflection of a photon. Nuov Cim B 4, 13–26 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02737560

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02737560

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