Skip to main content
Log in

Social structure, infant handling, and mothering styles in group-living old world monkeys

  • Published:
International Journal of Primatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

I argue that in Old World monkeys, infant handling by individuals other than the mother is a heterogeneous phenomenon in structural and functional terms; species differences in maternal tolerance of infant handling are related to differences in the relative proportion of abusive to affiliative responses made to infants by adult females other than the mother; and infant handling by adult females is related to the species-typical social structure, with particular reference to social relationships among females and patterns of food competition. I apply the proposed relationship among social structure, infant handling, and mothering style to explain the observed variation in mothering styles between and within the subfamilies Colobinae and Cercopithecinae.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Altmann, J. (1980).Baboon Mothers and Infants, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, C. M. (1984). Variation in mother-infant relationships: traditional and nontraditional factors. In Small, M. F. (ed.),Female Primates: Studies by Women Primatologists, Alan Liss, New York, pp. 17–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourlière, F., Hunkeler, C., and Bertrand, M. (1970). Ecology and behavior of Lowe’s Guenon(Cercopithecus campbelli lowei) in the Ivory Coast. In Napier, J. R., and Napier, P. H. (eds.),Old World Monkeys, Academic Press, New York, pp. 297–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brain, C. (1992). Deaths in a desert baboon troop.Int. J. Primatol. 13: 593–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bullerman, R. (1950). Note on kidnapping by bonnet monkey.J. Mammal. 31: 93–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caine, N. G., and Mitchell, G. D. (1980). Species differences in the interest shown in infants by juvenile female macaques (Macaca mulatto andM. radiata).Int. J. Primatol. 1: 323–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldecott, J. O. (1986). Mating patterns, societies and the ecogeography of macaques,Anim. Behav. 34: 208–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chamove, A., Harlow, H., and Mitchell, G. (1967). Sex differences in the infant-directed behavior of preadolescent rhesus monkeys.Child Dev. 38:329–335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheney, D. L. (1978). Interactions of immature male and female baboons with adult females.Anim. Behav. 26: 389–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chism, J. (1978). Relationships between patas infants and group members other than the mother. In Chivers, D. J., and Herbert, W. J. (eds.),Recent Advances in Primatology, Vol. 1, Behavior, Academic Press, London, pp. 173–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A. B. (1978). Sex ratio and local resource competition in a prosimian primate.Sci.ence 201: 163–165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1988). Reprod.uctive Success. In Clutton-Brock, T. H. (ed.),Reprod.uctive Success. Studies of Individual Variation in Contrasting Breeding Systems, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 472–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe, C. L. (1990). Psychobiology of maternal behavior in nonhuman primates. In Krasnegor, N. A., and Bridges, R. S. (eds.),Mammalian Parenting, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 157–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, D. A., Busse, C. D., and Goodall, J. (1984). Infanticide in two populations of savanna baboons. In Hausfater, G., and Hrdy, S. B. (eds.),Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives, Aldine, New York, pp. 193–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deag, J. M., and Crook, J. H. (1971). Social behaviour and “agonistic buffering” in the wild Barbary macaqueMacaca sylvana L.Folia primatol. 15: 183–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Waal, F. B. M. (1990). Do rhesus mothers suggest friends to their offspring?Primates 31: 597–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Waal, F. B. M., and Luttrell, L. M. (1989). Towards a comparative socioecology of the genusMacaca: Different dominance styles in rhesus and stumptail monkeysAm. J. Primatol. 19: 83–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dittus, W. P. J. (1979). The evolution of behaviours regulating density and age-specific sex ratios in a primate population.Behaviour 69: 265–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, G. G. (1976). The social order of Japanese macaques.Sci. Am. 97: 96–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, G. G., Johnson, D. F., Glick, B. B., and Worlein, J. M. (1985). Development in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata): Sexually dimorphic behavior during the first year of life.Primates 26: 238–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehardt, C. (1988). Birth-season interactions of adult female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) without newborn infants.Int. J. Primatol. 8: 245–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, S. B. (1973). Observations on infant sharing in captiveColobus polykomos.Primates 14: 93–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairbanks, L. A. (1988). Vervet monkey grandmothers: interactions with infant grandoffspring.Int. J. Primatol. 9: 425–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairbanks, L. A. (1990). Reciprocal benefits of allomothering for female vervet monkeys.Anim. Behav. 4: 553–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fimbel, C. C. (1992). Cross-species handling of Colobine infants.Primates 33: 545–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartlan, J. S. (1969). Sexual and maternal behavior of the vervet monkey,Cercopithecus aethiops. J. Reprod. Fert. Suppl. 6: 137–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibber, J. R., and Goy, R. W. (1985). Infant-directed behavior in young rhesus monkeys: Sex differences and effects of prenatal androgens.Am. J. Primatol. 8: 225–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gouzoules, H. (1975). Maternal rank and early social interactions of infant stumptail macaques,Macaca arctoutes.Primates 16: 405–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gouzoules, S. (1984). Primate mating systems, kin associations, and cooperative behavior: Evidence for kin recognition?Ybk. Phys. Anthropol. 27: 99–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higley, J. D., and Suomi, S. J. (1986). Parental behavior in non-human primates. In Sluckin, W., and Herbert, M. (eds.),Parental Behaviour, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 152–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, C. (1972). Infant sharing in the familyColobidae emphasizingPygathrix.Primates 13: 195–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hiraiwa, M. (1981). Maternal and alloparental care in a troop of free-ranging Japanese monkeys.Primates 22: 309–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horrocks, J., and Hunte, W. (1983). Maternal rank and offspring rank in vervet monkeys: An appraisal of the mechanism of rank acquisition.Anim. Behav. 31: 772–781.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horwich, R. H., and Manski, D. (1975). Maternal care and infant transfer in two species ofColobus monkeys.Primates 16: 49–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hrdy, S. B. (1976). Care and exploitation of nonhuman primate infants by conspecifics other than the mother. In Rosenblatt, J. S., Hinde, R. A., Shaw, E., and Bier, C. (eds.),Advances in the Study of Behavior, Academic Press, New York, Vol. 6, pp. 101–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrdy, S. B. (1977).The Langurs of Abu. Female and Male Strategies of Reproduction. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrdy, S. B. (1978). Allomaternal care and abuse of infants among hanuman langurs. In Chivers, D. J., and Herbert, W. J. (eds.),Recent Advances in Primatology, Vol 1, Behavior, Academic Press, London, pp. 169–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jay, P. C. (1963). Mother-infant relations in langurs. In Rheingold, H. L. (ed.),Maternal Behavior in Mammals, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 282–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keverne, E. B. (1988). Central mechanisms underlying the neural and neuroendocrine determinants of maternal behavior.Psychoneuroendocrinology 13: 127–141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohda, M. (1985). Allomothering behavior of New and Old World monkeys.Primates 26: 28–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kriege, P. D., and Lucas, J. W. (1974). Aunting behavior in an urban troop ofCercopithecus aethiops.J. Behav. Sci. 2: 55–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kummer, H. (1968). The Social Organization of Hamadryas Baboons,Bibl. Primatol., Vol 6., Karger, Basel, pp. 1–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurland, J. (1977). Kin selection in Japanese macaques.Contributions to Primatology, Vol 12, Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itani, J. (1959). Paternal care in the wild Japanese monkey,Macaca fuscata fuscata.Primates 2: 61–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lahiri, R. K., and Southwick, C. H. (1966). Parental care inMacaca sylvana.Folia primatol. 4:257–264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster, J. (1971). Play-mothering: The relations between juvenile females and young infants among free-ranging vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).Folia Primatol. 15: 161–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, P. C. (1987). Nutrition, fertility and maternal investment in primates.J. Zool. 213: 409–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maestripieri, D. (1993). Vigilance costs of allogrooming in macaque mothers.Am. Nat. 141: 744–753.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maestripieri, D. (1993b). Infant kidnapping among group-living rhesus macaques: Why don’t mothers rescue their infants?Primates 34: 211–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maestripieri, D. (1993c). Maternal anxiety in rhesus macaques. I. Measurement of anxiety and identification of anxiety-eliciting situations.Ethology 95: 19–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maestripieri, D. (1993d). Maternal anxiety in rhesus macaques. II. Emotional bases of interindividual differences in mothering style.Ethology 95: 32–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKenna, J. J. (1979). The evolution of allomothering behavior among colobine monkeys: Function and opportunism in evolution.Am. Anthropol. 81: 818–840.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meaney, M. J. Lozos, E., and Stewart, J. (1990). Infant carrying by nulliparous female vervet monkeys(Cercopithecus aethiops).J. Comp. Psychol. 104: 377–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. (1984). Female transfer in primates.Int. J. Primatol. 5: 537–589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. (1992). Dispersal, nepotism, and primate social behavior.Int. J. Primatol. 13: 361–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nash, L. T., and Wheeler, R. L. (1982). Mother-infant relationships in non-human primates. In Fitzgerald, H. E., Mullins, J. A., and Gage, P. (eds.),Child Nurturance, Vol. 3. Studies of Development in Nonhuman Primates, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 21–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolson, N. A. (1987). Infants, mothers, and other females. In Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W., and Struhsaker, T. T. (eds.),Primate Societies, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 330–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolson, N. A. (1991). Maternal behavior in human and nonhuman primates. In Loy, J. D., and Peters, C. B. (eds.),Understanding Behavior: What Primate Studies Tell Us About Human Behavior, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 17–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Packer, C. (1980). Male care and exploitation of infants inPapio anubis.Anim. Behav. 28: 512–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quiatt, D. (1979). Aunts and mothers: Actaptive implications of allomaternal behavior of nonhuman primates.Am. Anthropol. 81: 311–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhine, R. J., and Hendy-Neely, H. (1978). Social development of stumptail macaques(Macaca arctoides): Momentary touching, play, and other interactions with aunts and immatures during the infants’ first 60 days of life.Primates 19: 115–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riedman, M. L. (1982). The evolution of alloparental care and adoption in mammals and birds.Q. Rev. Biol. 57: 405–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblum, L. A., and Kaufman, I. C. (1967). Laboratory observations of early mother-infant relations in pigtail and bonnet macaques. In Altmann, S. A. (ed.),Social Communication among Primates, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 33–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowell, T. E., Hinde, R. A., and Spencer-Booth, Y. (1964). “Aunt”-infant interaction in captive rhesus monkeys.Anim. Behav. 12: 219–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scollay, P. A., and De Bold, P. (1980). Allomothering in a captive colony of Hanuman langurs(Presbytis entellus).Ethol. Sociobiol. 1: 291–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shopland, J. M., and Altmann, J. (1987). Fatal intragroup kidnapping in yellow baboons.Am. J. Primatol. 13: 61–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silk, J. B. (1980). Kidnapping and female competition among captive bonnet macaques.Primates 21: 100–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silk, J. B. (1983). Local resource competition and fâcultative adjustment of sex ratios in relation to competitive abilities.Am. Nat. 121: 56–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silk, J. B., Samuels, A., and Rodman, P. S. (1981). The influence of kinship, rank, and sex on affiliation and aggression between adult female and immature bonnet macaques(Macaco radiata).Behaviour 78: 111–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, M. J. A. (1988). How rhesus monkey mothers and infants keep in touch when infants are at risk from social companions.Int. J. Primatol. 9: 257–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, A. E., and Simpson, M. J. A. (1985). Short-term consequences of different breeding histories for captive rhesus macaque mothers and young.Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 18: 83–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Small, M. F. (1982). A comparison of mother and nonmother behaviors during the birth season in two species of captive macaques.Folia Primatol. 38: 99–107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Small, M. F. (1990). Alloparental behaviour in Barbary macaques,Macaca sylvanus.Anim. Behav. 39: 297–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer, V. (1989). Infant mistreatment in langur monkeys: Sociobiology tackled from the wrong end? In Rasa, A. Vogel, C., and Voland, E. (eds.),The Sociobiology of Sexual and Reproductive Strategies, Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 110–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer-Booth, Y. (1968). The behaviour of group companions toward rhesus monkey infants.Anim. Behav. 16: 541–557.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer-Booth, Y. (1970). The relationships between mammalian young and conspecifics other than mothers and peers: A review. In Lehrman, D. S., Hinde, R. A., and Shaw, E. (eds.),Advances in the Study of Behavior, Vol. 3, Academic Press, New York, pp. 120–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanford, C. (1992). Costs and benefits of allomothering in wild capped langurs(Presbytis pileata).Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 30: 29–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Struhsaker, T. T. (1971). Social behaviour of mother and infant vervet monkeys(Cercopithecus aethiops).Anim. Behav. 19: 233–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strum, S. C. (1975). Life with the “pumphouse gang”: New Insights into baboon behavior.Natl. Geogr. 14: 672–691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thierry, B. (1985). Social development in three species of macaques(Macaca mulatto, M. fascicularis, M. tonkeana): A preliminary report on the first ten weeks of life.Behav. Process. 11: 89–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thierry, B.. (1990). Feedback loop between kinship and dominance: The macaque model.J. Theor. Biol. 145: 511–521.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Schaik, C. P. (1989). The ecology of social relationships amongst female primates. In Standen, V., and Foley, R. A. (eds.),Comparative Socioecology. The Behavioural Ecology of Humans and Other Mammals, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp. 195–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, C. (1984). Patterns of infant transfer within two groups of common langurs(Presbytis entellus) near Jodhpur: Testing hypotheses concerning the benefits and risks. In Roonwal, M. L., Mohnot, S. M., and Rathore, N. S. (eds.),Current Primate Researches, Jodhpur University Press, Jodhpur, pp. 361–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade, T. D. (1979). Inbreeding, kin selection, and primate social evolution.Primates 20: 355–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, J. R. (1987). Transition to adulthood. In Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W., and Struhsaker, T. T. (eds.),Primate Societies, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 358–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wasser, S. K. (1983). Reproductive competition and cooperation among female yellow baboons. In Wasser, S. K. (ed.),Social Behavior of Female Vertebrates, Academic Press, New York, pp. 349–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wasser, S. K., and Barash, D. P. (1981). The selfish “allomother”: A comment on Scollay and De Bold (1989).Ethol. Sociobiol. 1: 91–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zucker, E. L., and Kaplan, J. R. (1981). Allomaternal behavior in a group of free-ranging patas monkeys.Am. J. Primatol. 1: 57–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Maestripieri, D. Social structure, infant handling, and mothering styles in group-living old world monkeys. Int J Primatol 15, 531–553 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02735970

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02735970

Key words

Navigation