Skip to main content
Log in

The impact of services versus goods on consumers’ assessment of perceived risk and variability

  • Published:
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

With the development of service marketing concepts comes the need to test theory against consumer behavior. This study examines differences in perceived risk and variability between services and goods. In a controlled experiment whereby product stimuli were objectively placed along a goods-services continuum, data from consumers was collected focusing on six types of perceived risk and product variability. The findings of the study provide evidence that services evoke heightened risk and product variability perceptions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amdt, Johan 1985. “On Making Marketing Science More Scientific: Role of Orientations, Paradigms, Metaphors, and Puzzle Solving.”Journal of Marketing 49: 11–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aspinwall, Leo 1961:Four Marketing Theories. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, Richard P. 1984. “A Prospectus for Theory Construction in Marketing.”Journal of Marketing 48: 11–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, John E.G. 1977. “Do We Need Service Marketing?” InMarketing Consumer Services: New Insights. Eds. Pierre Eiglier, Eric Langeard, Christopher H. Lovelock, John E.G. Bateson, and Robert F. Young. Cambridge, MA: Marketing Science Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1979. “Why We Need Service Marketing.” InConceptual and Theoretical Developments in Marketing. Eds. O.C. Ferrell, S.W. Brown, and C.W. Lamb, Jr. Chicago: American Marketing Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, R.A. 1960. “Consumer Behavior As Risk-taking.” InDynamic Marketing for a Changing World. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 389–393. Cited by Donald F. Cox (ed.),Risk-taking and Information-handling in Consumer Behavior, Boston: Harvard University Press, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, Leonard L. 1984. “Services Marketing is Different.” InServices Marketing. Ed. Christopher H. Lovelock. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, G. Lynn Shostack, and Gregory D. Upah. 1983. “Preface.” InEmerging Perspectives on Services Marketing. Eds. Leonard L. Berry, G. Lynn Shostack, and Gregory D. Upah. Chicago: American Marketing Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettman, James R. 1972. “Perceived Risk: A Measurement Methodology and Preliminary Findings.” InProceedings, Third Annual Conference of the Advances in Consumer Research. Ed. M. Venkatesan. College Park, MD: Association for Consumer Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1973. “Perceived Risk and Its Components: A Model and Empirical Test.”Journal of Marketing Research, 10: 184–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — 1979.An Information Processing Theory of Consumer Choice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biehal, Gabriel J. 1983. “Consumers' Prior Experience and Perceptions in Auto Repair Choice.”Journal of Marketing 47: 82–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booms, Bernard H. and Mary J. Bitner. 1981. “Marketing Strategies and Organization Structures for Service Firms.” InMarketing of Services. Eds. James H. Donnelly and William R. George. Chicago: American Marketing Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinberg, David, and Elizabeth C. Hirschman. 1986. “Multiple Orientations for the Conduct of Marketing Research: An Analysis of the Academic/Practitioner Distinction.”Journal of Marketing 50: 161–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooker, George. 1984. “An Assessment of an Expended Measure of Perceived Risk.” InAdvances in Consumer Research, Vol. 11. Ed. Thomas C. Kinnear. Urbana, IL: Association for Consumer Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, James R. and Edward F. Fenn. 1981. “Goods vs. Services Marketing: A Divergent Perspective.” InConceptual and Theoretical Developments in Marketing. Eds. O.C. Ferrell, S.W. Brown, and C.W. Lamb, Jr. Chicago: American Marketing Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calder, Bobby J., Lynn W. Phillips, and Alice M. Tybout. 1981. “Designing Research for Application.”Journal of Consumer Research, 8: 197–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Donald and Donald Fiske. 1959. “Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix.”Psychological Bulletin, 56: 81–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Churchill, Gilbert A., Jr. 1979a. Marketing Research, Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1979b. “A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs.”Journal of Marketing Research, 16: 64–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claxton, John D., Joseph N. Fry, and Bernard Portis. 1974. “A Taxonomy of Prepurchase Information Gathering Patterns.”Advances in Consumer Behavior, 1: 35–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, Thomas and Donald Campbell. 1975. “The Design and Conduct of Experiments and Quasi-Experiments in Field Settings.” InHandbook of Industrial and Organizational Research, Ed. Marvin Dunnette. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company, 223–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, Donald F. 1967.Risk-taking and Information Handling in Consumer Behavior, Boston: Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and S.V. Rich. 1964. “Perceived Risk and Consumer Decision-making—The Case of Telephone Shopping.”Journal of Marketing Research, 1: 32–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eiglier, Pierre, and Eric Langeard. 1977. “A New Approach to Service Marketing.” InMarketing Consumer Services: New Insights, Eds. Pierre Eiglier, Eric Langeard, Christopher H. Lovelock, John E.G. Bateson, and Robert F. Young, Cambridge, MA: Marketing Science Institute, 33–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enis, Ben M. and Kenneth J. Roering. 1981. “Services Marketing: Different Products, Similar Strategy.” InMarketing of Services. Eds. James H. Donnelly and William R. George. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, Duane L., Joseph P. Guiltinan, and Wesley H. Jones. 1979. “Service Characteristics, Consumer Search, and the Classification of Retail Services.”Journal of Retailing 3: 3–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deshpande, Rohit. 1983. ““Paradigms Lost”: On Theory and Method in Research in Marketing.”Journal of Marketing 47: 101–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George, William R., Marc G. Weinberger, Bennett Tsou, and J. Patrick Kelly. 1984. “Risk Perceptions: A Reexamination of Services Versus Goods.” InProceedings, Eds. Kline, David M. and Smith, Allen E. Boca Raton, FL: The Southern Marketing Association and Florida Atlantic University.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Marc G. Weinberger and J. Patrick Kelly. 1985. “Consumer Risk Perceptions: Managerial Tool for the Service Encounter.” InThe Service Encounter: Managing Employee/Customer Interaction in Service Businesses. Eds. John A. Czepiel, Michael R. Solomon, and Carol F. Surprenant. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, Paul E. 1973. “On the Design of Multiattribute Choice Experiments Involving Large Number of Factors or Factor Levels.” InAdvances in Consumer Research, Vol. 1, Eds. Scott Ward and Peter Wright. Urbana, IL: Association for Consumer Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and Donald S. Tull. 1978.Research for Marketing Decisions. Englewood, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guseman, Dennis S. 1981. “Risk Perception and Risk Reduction in Consumer Services.” InMarketing of Services. Eds. James H. Donnelly and William R. George. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 200–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, Stanley C. 1979. “Is There a Generic Demand for Services?”MSU Business Topics 3: 41–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacoby, Jacob and Leon B. Kaplan. 1972. “The Components of Perceived Risk.” InProceedings, Third Annual Conference. Ed. M. Venkatesan. Urbana, IL: Association for Consumer Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, Donald W., Jr., Janet E. Keith, and Richard K. Burdick. 1984. “Purchasing Agents' Perceptions of Industrial Buying Center Influence: A Situational Approach.”Journal of Marketing 48: 75–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, Manfred E. 1969. Are Goods and Services Different? An Exercise in Marketing Theory. Unpublished dissertation. Washington University.

  • Judd, Robert C. 1964. “The Case for Redefining Services.”Journal of Marketing 28:58–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, L., George J. Szybillo, and Jacob Jacoby. 1974. “Components of Perceived Risk in Product Purchase: A Cross-Validation.”Journal of Applied Psychology 59: 287–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, Roger E. 1982.Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langeard, Eric. 1983. “Service Marketing in Europe and the USA.” InEmerging Perspectives on Services Marketing. Eds. Leonard L. Berry, G. Lynn Shostack, and Gregory D. Upah. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 5–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaTour, Stephen A. and Paul W. Miniard. 1983. “The Misuse of Repeated Measures Analysis in Marketing Research.”Journal of Marketing Research 20: 45–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh, James H. 1983. “Reliability and Validity Assessment of Patterns of Information Source Usage.” InAdvances in Consumer Research, Vol. 10, Eds. Richard P. Bagozzi and Alice Tybout. Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research, 673–678.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, Theodore. 1969. “Improving Sales Through Product Augmentation.”European Business 21: 5–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1980. “Marketing Success Through Differentiation—Anything.”Harvard Business Review 58: 83–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1981. “Marketing Intangible Products and Product Intangibles.”Harvard Business Review 59: 94–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, William F. 1976. An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship Between Services and Products in Terms of Perceived Risk. Unpublished dissertation. University of Cincinnati, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locander, William B. and Peter W. Hermann. 1979. “The Effects of Self-Confidence and Anxiety on Information Seeking in Consumer Risk Reduction.”Journal of Marketing Research 16: 268–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock, Christopher L. 1979. “Theoretical Contributions from Services and Nonbusiness Marketing.” InConceptual and Theoretical Developments in Marketing. Eds. O.C. Ferrell, S.W. Brown, and C.W. Lamb, Jr. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 147–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1981. “Why Marketing Management Needs to Be Different for Services.” InMarketing Services, Eds. James H. Donnelly and William R. George. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 5–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock, Christopher H. 1983. “Classifying Services to Gain Strategic Marketing Insights.”Journal of Marketing 47: 9–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, Richard J. and Patrick J. Reilly. 1973. “An Exploration of the Effects of Perceived Social and Performance Risk on Consumer Information Acquisition.” InAdvances in Consumer Research, Vol. 1. Eds. Scott Ward and Peter Wright. Urbana, IL: Association for Consumer Research, 393–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, Peter K. and Newton Margulies. 1980. “Toward a Core Typology of Service Organization.”Academy of Management Review 5: 255–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minium, Edward W. 1978. Statistical Reasoning in Psychology and Education. New York: John Whiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mowen, John C., Janet E. Keith, Stephen W. Brown, and Donald W. Jackson, Jr. 1985. “Utilizing Effort and Task Difficulty Information in Evaluating Salespeople.”Journal of Marketing Research 22: 185–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, Keith B. 1986. “An Empirical Determination of Service Products and Consumer Perception of Their Relative Risk.” Working Paper 86-50, College of Business Administration, Northeastern University.

  • Nunnally, J.C. 1967.Psychometric Theory, New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. Whan. 1976. “The Effect of Individual and Situation-related Factors on Consumer Selection-related Factors on Consumer Selection of Judgmental Models.”Journal of Marketing Research 13: 144–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, Michael and B. Curtis Hamm. 1969. “Canonical Analysis of Relations Between Socioeconomic Risk and Personal Influence in Purchase Decisions.”Journal of Marketing Research 6: 351–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peter, J. Paul. 1979. “Reliability: A Review of Psychometric Basics and Recent Marketing Practices.”Journal of Marketing Research 6: 351–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and Michael J. Ryan. 1976. “An Investigation of Perceived Risk at the Brand Level.”Journal of Marketing Research 13: 184–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and Lawrence X. Tarpey. 1975. “A Comparative Analysis of Three Consumer Decision Strategies.”Journal of Consumer Research 2: 29–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1981. “Construct Validity: A Review of Basic Issues and Marketing Practices.”Journal of Marketing 18: 133–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Punj, Girish N. and David W. Stewart. 1983. “An Interaction Framework of Consumer Decision Making.”Journal of Consumer Research 10: 181–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puto, Christopher P., Wesley E. Patton III, and Ronald H. King, 1985. Risk Handling Strategies in Industrial Vendor Selection Decisions.”Journal of Marketing 49: 89–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rathmell, John M. 1966. “What is Meant by Services?”Journal of Marketing 30: 32–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — 1974. Marketing in the Services Sector, Cambridge, MA: Winthrop.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roselius, Ted. 1971. “Consumer Rankings of Risk Reduction Methods.”Journal of Marketing 35: 56–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, Ivan. 1972. “Perceived Risk and Consumer Behavior: A Critical Review.” InAdvances in Consumer Research, Vol. 2. Ed. Mary Jane Schlinger. Urbana, IL: Association for Consumer Research, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasser, W. Earl. 1976. “Match Supply and Demand in Service Industries.”Harvard Business Review 54: 133–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiffman, L.G. 1972. “Perceived Risk in New Product Trial by Elder Consumers.”Journal of Marketing Research 9: 106–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shostack, G. Lynn. 1977. “Breaking Free from Product Marketing.”Journal of Marketing 41: 73–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1978. “The Service Marketing Frontier.” InAnnual Review of Marketing 1978. Ed. Gerald Zaltman. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 373–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Scott M. 1982. “Providing Information for the Consumer Search Process.” InAdvances in Consumer Research, Vol. 9. Ed. Andrew Mitchell. Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research 244–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence, H.E., J.F. Engel, and R.D. Blackwell. 1970. “Perceived Risk in Mail-order and Retail Store Buying.”Journal of Marketing Research 7: 364–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swartz, Theresa A. and Nancy Stephens. 1984. “Information Search for Services: The Maturity Segment.” InAdvances in Consumer Research, Vol. 11. Ed. Thomas C. Kinnear. Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 244–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, Kenneth P. and Gregory D. Upah. 1983. “The Marketing of Services: Why and How Is It Different?” InResearch in Marketing, Vol. 6. Ed. Jagdish N. Sheth. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 231–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger, Marc G. and Stephen W. Brown. 1977. “Difference in Information Infuences: Services vs. Goods.”Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 5: 389–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wind, Yoram and Joseph Denny. 1974. “Multivariate Analysis of Variance in Research on the Effectiveness of TV Commercials.”Journal of Marketing Research 11: 136–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P. 1974. “The Harassed Decision Maker: Time Pressures, Distractions, and the Use of Evidence.”Journal of Applied Psychology 59: 55–561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wyckham, R.G. and P.T. Fitzroy, and G.D. Mandry. 1975. “Marketing of Services: An Evaluation of Theory.”European Journal of Marketing 9: 59–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, Robert F. 1981. “The Advertising of Consumer Services and the Hierarchy of Effects.” InMarketing of Services. Eds. James H. Donnelly and William R. George. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 196–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeithaml, Valarie A. 1981. “How Consumer Evaluation Processes Differ Between Goods and Services.” InMarketing of Services. Eds. James H. Donnelly and William R. George. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 186–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, A. Parasuraman, and Leonard L. Berry. 1985. “Problems and Strategies in Services Marketing.”Journal of Marketing 49: 33–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zikmund, William G. and Jerome E. Scott 1973. “A Multivariate Analysis of Perceived Risk, Self-confidence and Information Sources.” InProceedings of the Fourth Annual Convention of the Association for Consumer Research. Eds. Scott Ward and Peter Wright. Urbana, IL: Association for Consumer Research, 406–416.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Murray, K.B., Schlacter, J.L. The impact of services versus goods on consumers’ assessment of perceived risk and variability. JAMS 18, 51–65 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02729762

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02729762

Keywords

Navigation