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On localized states for elementary systems

О локалиэованных состояниях для злементарных систем

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Il Nuovo Cimento A (1971-1996)

Summary

We argue that the concept of localization for elementary systems is inherently ambiguous as in the example of an extended body in classical physics, and that there do not exist uniquely defined localized states. We discuss two sets of invariance requirements for the determination of localized states. Besides rederiving the results of Newton and Wigner, we study the consequences of postulated Lorentz invariance of localization. The corresponding Lorentz-invariant localized states are not uniquely determined. As all of these different types of states are completely equivalent, for all macroscopic kinematic purposes we have to accept all of them as possible candidates for localized states. We speculate that different types of elementary systems might require different types of localized states for their description. These localized states are useful for the enumeration of all possible relativistic wave functions, quantum field operators and relativistic wave equations one can associate with a given elementary system.

Riassunto

Si argomenta che il concetto di localizzazione per sistemi elementari è inerentemente ambiguo come nell’esempio di un corpo esteso nella fisica classica, e che non esistono stati localizzati definiti in modo unico. Si discutono due gruppi di condizioni di invarianza per la determinazione degli stati localizzati. Oltre a riottenere i risultati di Newton e Wigner, si studiano le conseguenze della postulata invarianza secondo Lorentz della localizzazione. I corrispondenti stati localizzati invarianti secondo Lorentz non sono determinati in modo unico. Poiché tutti questi tipi diversi di stati sono completamente equivalenti, per tutti gli scopi cinematici macroscopici dobbiamo accettarli tutti come possibili candidati degli stati localizzati. Si specula che tipi diversi di sistemi elementari potrebbero richiedere tipi diversi di stati localizzati per la loro descrizione. Questi stati localizzati sono utili per l’enumerazione di tutte le funzioni d’onda relativistiche possibili, degli operatori di campo quantistici e delle equazioni d’onda relativistiche che si possono associare con un dato sistema elementare.

Реэюме

Мы докаэываем, что концепция локалиэации для злементарных систем является внутренне неодноэначной, как в случае протяженного тела в классической фиэике, где не сушествуют одноэначно определенные локалиэованные состояния. Мы обсуждаем две системы инвариантных требований для определения локалиэованных состояний. Кроме эаново полученных реэультатов Ньютона и Вигнера, мы исследуем следствия постулированной Лорентц-инвариантно сти локалиэации. Соответствуюшие Лерентц-инвариантные локалиэованные состояния не являются одноэначно определенными. Так как все иэ зтих раэличных типов состояний являются полностью зквивалентными для всех макроскопических кинематических целей, то мы должны считать каждое иэ них воэможным кандидатом для локалиэованных состояний. Мы предполагаем, что раэличные злементарные системы могут требовать раэличных типов локалиэованных состояний для своего описания. Эти локалиэованные состояния являются полеэными для перечисления всех воэможных релятивистских волновых функций, операторов квантовых полей и релятивистских волновых уравнений, которые могут быть свяэаны с данной злементарной системой.

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References

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  2. There exists an extensive literature on this subject. BesidesT. D. Newton andE. P. Wigner:Rev. Mod. Phys.,21, 400 (1949); we mention onlyA. S. Wightman:Rev. Mod. Phys.,34, 845 (1962);T. O. Philips:Phys. Rev.,136, B 893 (1964);J. C. Gallardo, A. J. Kálnay andS. H. Risemberg:Phys. Rev.,158, 1484 (1967), where further references may be found.

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  3. Similar invariance requirements have been studied for the special case ofs=0, 1/2 byA. J. Kálnay: ICTP Trieste internal reports IC/68/95 and IC/69/134.

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  8. We believe that these arguments can be made mathematically more rigorous.

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  10. The corresponding quantum field operators have been discussed byE. H. Wichmann: Nordita lectures 1962 and in great detail byS. Weinberg: Brandeis lectures 1964 andloc. cit.

  11. In quantum field theory it does not seem to be essential that the field operatorsψ MN obey first-order wave equations. In fact, it is known that the fieldsψ MN obey equations of higher order, which in some sense may be considered as generalizations of the Dirac equation. SeeD. N. Williams:Lecture delivered at the Summer Institute of Theoretical Physics (Boulder, Colo., 1964). For an application of these wave equations seeD. Shay andR. H. Good jr.:Phys. Rev.,179, 1410 (1969).

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This work was supported in part by a Frederick Gardner Cottrell grant of the Research Corporation.

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Biritz, H. On localized states for elementary systems. Nuov Cim A 6, 175–202 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02728594

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02728594

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