Skip to main content
Log in

Polarization of conversion electrons following beta decay

  • Published:
Il Nuovo Cimento (1955-1965)

Summary

Because of the breakdown of the symmetry principles in weak interactions, β-decay provides a means of producing polarized nuclei. In allowed transitions only first rank polarization, and in forbidden transitions higher odd rank orientation, is produced. This orientation is manifested in the polarization of subsequent radiations. The present work contains an essentially complete discussion of the polarization of internal conversion electrons from theK-shell. In allowed transitions there is an appreciable longitudinal and also transverse polarization. The latter is in the plane of the momentum vectors of the β-particle and conversion electron. In general these polarizations also appear in forbidden transitions where contributions from higher odd rank orientation are present. In addition, the forbidden transitions are characterized by a component of polarization perpendicular to the β-conversion electron plane. This component, which arises from the even rank orientations (for example, alignment), is a «classical» effect of the coincidence observation. Unfortunately, this transverse polarization is very small (a few percent at most) under practical conditions. Expressions for the polarization components are given in terms of extensively tabulated angular correlation coefficients and «particle» parameters for the three types of polarization. Numerical results for the longitudinal and transverse in-the-plane polarization parameters are included for mixed as well as for pure multipole transitions. Particular decay schemes involving allowed and first forbidden unique β transitions are considered in detail and numerical values for these polarizations are given.

Riassunto

A causa dell’insuccesso dei principi di simmetria per le interazioni deboli, il decadimento β fornisce un mezzo per produrre nuclei polarizzati. Nelle transizioni permesse si produce solo una polarizzazione del primo ordine, nelle transizioni proibite una orientazione superiore di ordine dispari. Tale orientazione si manifesta nella polarizzazione delle radiazioni susseguenti. Il presente lavoro fornisce una discussione sostanzialmente completa sulla polarizzazione di elettroni di conversione interna derivanti dallo stratoK. Sussiste, per le transizioni permesse, un apprezzabile polarizzazione longitudinale, ed anche trasversale. Quest’ultima giace sul piano degli impulsi vettori delle particelle β e dell’elettrone di conversione. Tali polarizzazioni si manifestano, in generale, anche nelle transizioni proibite nelle quali sono presenti i contributi da parte delle orientazioni superiori di ordine dispari. Oltre a ciò, le transizioni proibite sono caratterizzate da una componente di polarizzazione perpendicolare al piano dell’elettrone β di conversione. Tale componente che trae origine dalle orientazioni di ordine pari (per esempio, l’allineamento) è un effetto « classico » dell’osservazione di coincidenza. Sfortunatamente, questa polarizzazione trasversa è, in condizioni normali, molto debole (al massimo alcune unità per cento). Le espressioni per le componenti di polarizzazione sono date in funzione dei coefficienti della correlazione angolare estesamente tabulati, e dei parametri delle particelle per i tre tipi di polarizzazione. Si danno anche i risultati inerenti ai parametri longitudinali e trasversali di polarizzazione nel piano sia per le transizioni miste che per quelle di multipolo pure. Sono presi in esame, in modo dettagliato, particolari schemi di decadimento riguardanti transizioni permesse e transizioni β uniche proibite in prima approssimazione e si riportano i valori numerici di tali polarizzazioni.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. T. D. Lee andC. N. Yang:Phys. Rev.,105, 1671 (1957);A. Salam:Nuovo Cimento,5, 299 (1957);L. Landau:Nuclear Physics,3, 127 (1957).

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. E.g. B. H. Ketelle, A. R. Brosi, A. Galonsky andH. B. Willard:Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.,4, 76 (1959) and unpublished material.

    Google Scholar 

  3. S. Treiman:Phys. Rev.,110, 448 (1958).

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. H. Frauenfelder, J. D. Jackson andH. W. Wyld jr.:Phys. Rev.,110, 451 (1958).

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. In forbidden transitions a transverse β-polarization in β-γ coincidences also can occur. The main interest in the transverse component is the possibility of detecting a possible breakdown of invariance under time reversal (T). See for example,P. C. Sims andR. M. Steffen:Conference on Weak Interactions, Gatlinburg, Tenn., USA (October 1958),Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.,4, 78 (1959).

  6. S. M. Dancoff andP. Morrison:Phys. Rev.,55, 122 (1939).

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. M. E. Rose andR. L. Becker:Phys. Rev. Letters,1, 116 (1958).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. M. E. Rose et al.:Phys. Rev.,88, 79 (1951).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. M. E. Rose:Internal Conversion Coefficients (Amsterdam, 1958).

  10. V. B. Beresteckij andA. P. Rudik:Nuovo Cimento,10, 375 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. B. V. Geškenbein:Nuovo Cimento,10, 365 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Cf.C. Bouchiat andL. Michel:Nuclear Physics,5, 416 (1958) orH. A. Tolhoek:Revs. Mod. Phys.,28, 277 (1956).

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. R. L. Becker andM. E. Rose:Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.,4, 79 (1958);Program of the Conference on Weak Interactions, Gatlinburg, Tenn., USA, Oct. 1958, pp. 20–22.

    Google Scholar 

  14. U. Fano: Report No. 1214, National Bureau of Standards, USA (1951) (unpublished);M. E. Rose:Phys. Rev.,108, 362 (1957);L. C. Biedenharn:Ann. of Phys.,4, 104 (1958).

  15. K. Alder, B. Stech andA. Winter:Phys. Rev.,107, 728 (1957).

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. M. E. Rose, L. C. Biedenharn andG. B. Arfken:Phys. Rev.,85, 5 (1952). This shall be denoted RBA henceforth.

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. L. C. Biedenharn andM. E. Rose:Revs. Mod. Phys.,25, 729 (1953).

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. This equation has been derived in detail on p. 158 ofM. E. Rose:Elementary Theory of Angular Momentum (New York, 1957). RBA eq. (26) contains another form of this equation.

  19. It is assumed with no loss of generality that a representation is chosen in which the nuclear matrix elements are real. This is always possible (cf. reference (16)) since electromagnetic interactions are invariant under time reversal.

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. M. Ferentz andN. Rosenzweig: Argonne National Laboratory (USA) Report 5324, «Table ofF Coefficients».

  21. Cf. for example, reference (17), sec. 35.

  22. M. E. Rose:Multipole Fields (New York, 1955), eq. (2.43), or eq. (5.57) of reference (17).

  23. M. E. Rose:Phys. Rev.,51, 484 (1937).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Note that in reference (14)L andL′ pertain to the β transition and λ and λ′ refer to the γ transition. Also the tensor rank isk instead ofv.

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  25. M. Morita andR. S. Morita:Phys. Rev.,107, 1316 (1957) (allowed transitions),109, 2048 (1958) (first forbidden transitions). The tensor rank is denoted byn, L andL′ refer to the β transition, andL 1 andL′ 1 refer to the γ-transition.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. See, for example, the article byC. S. Wu in theProceedings of the Rehovoth Conference on Nuclear Structure, ed. byH. Lipkin (Amsterdam, 1957).

  27. All decay scheme data are quoted from the compilation ofStrominger, Hollander andSeaborg:University of California Radiation Laboratory Report UCRL-1928.

  28. Calculated polarizations for the 284 keV transition have been given in our previous communication, reference (6).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Cf. reference (17), p. 191.

  30. M. E. Rose andL. C. Biedenharn: Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report 1779 (1954), unpublished, eqs. (31a), (31b) and (31c).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Becker, R.L., Rose, M.E. Polarization of conversion electrons following beta decay. Nuovo Cim 13, 1182–1225 (1959). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02725128

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02725128

Navigation