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Four-dimensional symmetry from a broad viewpoint X.—Finite self-masses and the proton-neutron mass difference

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Il Nuovo Cimento B (1971-1996)

Summary

We show that the self-mass is finite in this theory with the universal probability for field oscillators. The «bare mass» of the photon in finite QED is related to the fundamental massM f by the relationm 2γ ≈αM 2f /2π. The electromagneticU 1 gauge symmetry with the massless photon is the result of the interaction and finite renormalization. Finite «quantum elecweakdynamics» with quarks can lead to the correct sign and the right order of magnitude of the mass differences for nucleons and other hadron isomultiplets. Usual quantum field theories based on special relativity cannot explain these observed mass differences. Furthermore, the present elecweakdynamics suggests that there is a large violation of the isospin invariance due to a mass difference between up and down quarks. It also indicates that the observed lepton masses are smaller than the corresponding bare masses. All these results of self-masses are essentially the same no matter whether one uses an exponential function, exp [−IG], or a rational function, (I 2 G 2+1)−2, for the universal probability distribution of field oscillators.

Riassunto

Si mostra che l’automassa è finita in questa teoria con la probabilità universale per gli oscillatori di campo. La «massa semplice» del fotone nella QED è in relazione con la massa fondamentaleM f mediante la relazionem 3γ M 2f /2π. La simmetria di gauge elettromagneticaU 1 con fotone senza massa è il risultato dell’interazione e della renormalizzazione finita. «Dinamica elettrodebole» finita con quark può portare al segno corretto e al giusto ordine di grandezza delle differenze di massa per nucleoni e altri isomultipletti adronici. Le teorie di campo quantistiche usuali basate sulla relatività speciale non possono spiegare queste differenze di massa osservate. Inoltre, l’attuale dinamica elettrodebole suggerisce che ci sia un’ampia violazione dell’invarianza d’isospin a causa della differenza di massa tra quark up e down. Indica inoltre che le masse leptoniche osservate sono piú piccole delle corrispondenti masse pure. Tutti questi risultati di automasse sono essenzialmente gli stessi, non importa se si usa una funzione esponenziale, exp [−IG], o una funzione razionale, (I 2 G 2+1)−2, per la distribuzione di probabilità universale degli oscillatori di campo.

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Supported in part by Southeastern Massachusetts University (permanent address).

Traduzione a cura della Redazione.

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Hsu, J.P. Four-dimensional symmetry from a broad viewpoint X.—Finite self-masses and the proton-neutron mass difference. Nuov Cim B 89, 209–223 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723545

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