Abstract
Childhood enuresis is a common socially disruptive problem. The possible pathophysiological factors include a disorder of sleep arousal, nocturnal polyuria, and low bladder capacity. The evaluation of a patient with nocturmal nuresis is aimed to exclude any organic pathology, UTI and voiding dysfunction. An approach to management of this common disorder is outlined.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Psychiatry Association,Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4 edn. Washington DC; American Psychiatry Association 1994.
Friman PC, Warzak WJ. Nocturnal enuresis: A prevalent, persistent, yet curable parasomnia.Pediatrician 1990; 17:38–45.
Hellstrom AI, Hansonn E, Hansonn S, Hjalmas K, Jodal U. Micturition habits and incontinence in 7-year-old Swedish school entrants.Eur J Pediatr 1990; 149:434–437.
Rushton HG. Nocturnal enuresis: Epidemiology, evaluation and currently available treatment options.J Pediatr 1989; 114: 691–696.
Mattson S. Urinary incontinence and nocturia in healthy school children.Acta Pediatr 1994; 83:950–954.
Sureshkumar P, Craig JC, Roy LP, Knight JF. Daytime urinary incontinence in primary school children: A population based study.J Pediatr 2000; 137:814–818.
Chandra M. Incidence of voiding dysfunction in elementary school children.Peds Res 1996; 39:359.
Vande walle J, Hoebeke P, Van Laecke E, Castillo D, Milicic D, Maraina C, Hussein C Raes A. Persistent enuresis caused by nocturnal polyuria is a maturation defect of the nyctihemera rhythm of diuresis.Brit J Urol 1998; 81(suppl 3): 40–45.
Watanabe H, Kawauchi A, Kitamori T, Azuma Y. Treatment system for nocturnal enuresis according to an original classification system.Eur urol 1994; 25:43–50.
Eiberg H, Berendt I, Mohr J. Assignment of dominant inherited nocturnal enuresis (ENUR1) to chromosome 13q.Nat Genet 1995; 10(3): 354–356.
Arnell H, Hjalmas K, Jagervall M, Lackgren G, Stenberg A, Bengtsson Bet al. The genetics of primary nocturnal enuresis: inheritance and suggestion of a second major gene on chromosome 12q.J Med Genet 1997; 34(5): 360–365.
Eigberg H. Total genome scan analysis in a single extended family for primary nocturnal enuresis. Evidence of a new locus (ENUR 3) for primary nocturnal enuresis on chromosome 22qll.Eur Urol 1998; 33(Suppl 3): 34–36.
Medel R, Dieguiz S, Brindo M, Ayuso S, Canepa Aet al. Monosymptomatic primary enuresis: differences between patients responding or not responding to oral desmopressin.Brit J Urol 1998; 81 (Suppl 3): 46–49.
Redsell SA, Collier J. Bedwetting, behaviour and self-esteem: a review of the literature.Child Care Health Dev 2001; 27(2): 149–62.
Dharnidharka VR Primary nocturnal enuresis-where do we stand today?Indian Pediatr 2000; 37:135–140.
Norgaard IP, van Gool JD, HjalmasK, Djurhuus JC, Hellstrom AI. Standardization and definitions in lower urinary tract dysfunction in children.BritJ Urol 1998; 81(Suppl 3): 1–6.
Fisher R, Frank D. Detruser instbility; day and night time wetting, urinary tract infections.Arch Dis Child 2000; 83:135–37.
Chandra M. Reflex nephropathy, urinary tract infections and voiding disorders.Curr Opin Pediatr 1995; 7:164–170.
Azrin NH, Sneed TJ, Foxx RM. Dry bed training: Rapid elimination of childhood enuresis.Behav Res Ther 1974; 12:147–56.
Forsythe WI, Butler RJ. Fifty years of enuretic alarms.Arch Dis Child 1989; 64:879–885.
El-Anany FG, Maghraby HA, Shaker SE, Abdel-Moneim AM. Primary nocturnal enuresis: A new approach to conditioning treatment.Urology 1999; 53:405–408.
Glazener CM, Evans JH. Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (Cochrane Review).Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; 1: CD002911.
Howe AC, Walker E. Behavioral management of toilet training, enuresis and encoperesis.PCNA 1992; 39:413–432.
Schwab M, Rudes J. Hyponatremia and cerebral conconvulsion due to DDAVP administration in patients with enuresis nocturna or urinary concentrating testing.Eur J Pediatr 1997; 156:668.
Moffat MEK, Horlos S, Kirshen AJ, Burd L. Desmopressin acetate and nocturnal enuresis: How much do we know?J Pediatr 1993; 92:420–425.
Riccabona M, Oswald J, Glauninger P. Long-term use and tapered dose reduction of intranasal desmopressin in the treatment of enuretic children.Br J Urol 1998; 81(suppl 3): 24–25.
Glazener CMA, Evans JHC. Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children.The Cochrane Library, 2001. Oxford
Cendron M, Klauber G. Combination therapy in the treatment of persistent nocturnal enuresis.Br J Urol 1998; 81(suppl 3): 26–28.
Wen J, Greenfield S. Enuresis and common voiding abnormalities.PCNA 1997; 44:1117–131.
Kosar A, Arikan N, Dincel C. Effectiveness of oxybutynin hydrochloride in the treatment of enuresis nocturna—a clinical and urodynamic study.Scand J Urol Nephrol 1999; 33(2): 115–118.
Forsythe WJ, Redmond A. Enuresis and spontaneous cure rate: A study of 1129 entireties.Arch Dis Child 1974; 49:259–349.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Aneja, S. Nocturnal enuresis. Indian J Pediatr 69, 707–712 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02722709
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02722709