Summary
A non-minimal coupling Rφ2 leads to a geometrical structural change in the evolution of the Universe which can be interpreted in terms of a quantum tunnelling process. The origin of the Universe admits thus two interpretations: either as a classical change of the Riemannian nature of space-time or as a quantum process. The main consequence of this is a non-singular Soft Big Bang. The same kind of non-minimal couplingRF 2 of the electromagnetic field with gravity induces non-conservation of the photon number and of the total entropy.
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Novello, M., Elbaz, E. Soft-Big-Bang model induced by non-minimal coupling. Nuov Cim B 109, 741–746 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02722531
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02722531