Skip to main content
Log in

International shifts in the demand for money, their effects on exchange rates and price levels, and their implications for the preannouncement of monetary expansion

  • Published:
Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Internationale Verschiebungen der Geldnachfrage — ihre Effekte auf Wechselkurse und Preisniveau sowie die Implikationen für die Politik der vorangekündigten Geldmengenexpansion. — SpÄtestens die Erfahrungen des Jahres 1978 haben einer breiteren öffentlichkeit deutlich gemacht, da\ eine Politik der vorangekündigten Geldmengenexpansion durch internationale Verschiebungen der Geldnachfrage — insbesondere in sehr offenen Volkswirtschaften — vor schwierige Probleme gestellt werden kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert diese Probleme theoretisch und empirisch und vergleicht verschiedene AnsÄtze zu ihrer Lösung.

Nach einer kurzen Kritik der bisherigen empirischen Untersuchungen wird anhand eines einfachen Modells für sieben WÄhrungen zu messen versucht, welchen Einflu\ internationale Verschiebungen der Geldnachfrage auf Inflation und WechselkursÄnderungen ausgeübt haben. Im Falle der Deutschen Mark, des Schweizer Franken und des Pfunds Sterling können erhebliche Verschiebungen nachgewiesen werden; die funktionale Beziehung ist aber nicht so stabil, da\ eine die Verschiebungen berücksichtigende antizipatorische oder konstatierende Rückkoppelungsregel hinreichenden Erfolg versprÄche. Auch können z.B. nominale oder reale WechselkursÄnderungen — selbst wenn sie erheblich sind — nicht ohne weiteres als Indikator für einen Anpassungsbedarf bei der Geldpolitik dienen. Statt dessen müssen mehrere Kriterien herangezogen werden, die jedoch nur dann ohne Zielverletzung berücksichtigt werden können, wenn das Geldmengenziel als Bandbreite formuliert wird.

Résumé

Les déplacements internationaux de la demande de monnaie — leurs effets sur les taux de change et le niveau de prix aussi bien que les conséquences pour la politique de l’expansion préannoncée de la masse monétaire. — Les expériences de l’année 1978 au plus tard ont rendu clair à une publicité plus large qu’une politique de l’expansion préannoncée de masse monétaire peut Être confrontée avec des problèmes difficiles — particulièrement dans des économies très ouvertes— par les déplacements internationaux de la demande de monnaie. Cet article analyse ces problèmes théoriquement et empiriquement et compare des différentes options politiques pour les résoudre.

Après une critique brève des analyses empiriques faites jusqu’ à présent nous essayons de mesurer pour sept monnaies avec un modèle simple quelle influence les déplacements internationaux de la demande de monnaie ont exercé sur l’inflation et sur les changements des taux de change. En cas du mark allemand, du franc suisse et de la livre sterling nous pouvons démontrer des déplacements considérables mais la relation fonctionnelle n’est pas tellement stabile qu’un règle de réaction qui anticipe ou constate les déplacements permettrait assez de succès. De plus, les changements des taux de change nominaux ou réels — mÊme s’ils sont considérables — ne peuvent pas sans faÇons servir comme indicateur de la politique monétaire. Au contraire plusieurs critères doivent Être consultés, qui cependant ne peuvent Être considérés sans rater le but que dans le cas où le but monétaire soit formulé comme marge.

Resumen

Movimientos internacionales en la demanda monetaria — Sus efectos en el tipo de cambio y nivel general de precios asi como sus implicaciones para una política de preanuncio de expansión monetaria. — Ultimamente las experiencias del año 1978 han puesto de manifiesto a un amplio sector de la opinión publica que una política de anuncio previo de expansión monetaria puede encontrar graves problemas debido a movimientos internacionales en la demanda monetaria; particularmente en economías muy abiertas. El presente trabajo analiza este problema teórica y empiricamente y compara diferentes intentos de solucionarlo.

Después de un corto análisis crítico de las existentes investigaciones empíricas, se intenta, utilizando simples modelos para siete diferentes monedas nacionales, quantificar la influencia que movimientos internacionales en la demanda monetaria haya tenido sobre la tasa de inflación y cambios en el tipo de cambio. En el caso del Marco alemán, Franco suizo y Libra esterlina desplazamientos considerables pueden demostrarse; pero la relación funcional no es la suficientemente estable como para que una norma anticipatoria o confirmativa, que tome en consideration estos desplazamientos pueda tener un éxito suficiente. Tampoco los cambios reales o nominales en el tipo de cambio pueden considerarse como indicadores de una necesidad de adaptamiento de la política monetaria, incluso en el caso de que estos cambios sean considerables. En su lugar, uno debiera referirse a más de un criterio y el objetivo monetario definirse en términos de un intervalo.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Aliber, Robert Z., “The Firm under Pegged and Floating Exchange Rates”.The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol. 78, Stockholm, 1976, pp. 309–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Artus, Jacques R., “Exchange Rate Stability and Managed Floating: The Experience of the Federal Republic of Germany”. IMF,Staff Papers, Vol. 23, Washington, 1976, pp. 312–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balassa, Bela, “The Purchasing-Power Parity Doctrine: A Reappraisal”.The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 72, Chicago, 1964, pp. 584–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilson, John F. O. [1978a], “The Current Experience with Floating Exchange Rates: An Appraisal of the Monetary Approach”.The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 68, Menasha, 1978, pp. 392–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • - [1978b],The Deutsche Mark/Dollar Rate — A Monetary Analysis. Paper Pres. at the 1978 Rochester/Carnegie-Mellon Conference, Pittsburgh, November 1978. Forthcoming.

  • — [1978c], “The Monetary Approach to the Exchange Rate: Some Empirical Evidence”. IMF,Staff Papers, Vol. 25, Washington, 1978, pp. 48–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • - [1978d], “Rational Expectations and the Exchange Rate”. In: Harry G. Johnson, Jacob A. Frenkel (Eds.),The Economics of Exchange Rates. Selected Studies, Addison-Wesley Series in Economics, Reading, 1978, pp. 75–96.

  • — [1978e], “Recent Developments in Monetary Models of Exchange Rate Determination”. Manuscript; publ. in an abridged and revised version in IMF,Staff Papers, Vol. 26, Washington, 1979, pp. 201–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, Stanley W.,The Analysis of Floating Exchange Rates and the Choice between Crawl and Float. Paper Pres, at the Conference on the Crawling Peg: Past Performance and Future Prospects, Rio de Janeiro, October 1979.

  • Bomhoff, Eduard J., Pieter Korteweg,Exchange-Rate Variability and Monetary Policy under Flexible Exchange Rates: Some Euro-American Experience, 1973–1978. Paper Prep. for the Ford Foundation Conference on Macroeconomic Policy under Flexible Exchange Rates, Madrid, September 1979.

  • Boss, Alfred, Günter Flemig, Enno Langfeldt, Rüdiger Soltwedel, Peter Trapp, Norbert Walter, “überwindung der KonjunkturschwÄche in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland”.Die Weltwirtschaft, Tübingen, 1978, H. 2, pp. 23–51.

  • Boyer, Russell S., “Optimal Foreign Exchange Market Intervention”.The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 86, Chicago, 1978, pp. 1045–1055.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • -,Substitutability between Currencies and between Bonds: A Theoretical Analysis of Gresham’s Law. Unpubl. manuscript, University of Western Ontario, 1973; repr. as “Currency Mobility and Balance of Payments Adjustment”. In: Bluford H. Putnam, D. Sykes Wilford (Eds.),The Monetary Approach to International Adjustment. New York, 1978, pp. 184–198.

  • Branson, William H., Hannu Halttunen, Paul Masson, “Exchange Rates in the Short Run: The Dollar-Deutschemark Rate”.European Economic Review, Vol. 10, Amsterdam, 1977, pp. 303–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brillembourg, Arturo, S. M. Schadler,A Model of Currency Substitution in Exchange Rate Determination, 1973–1978. Paper Pres, at the 6th International Conference of Applied Econometrics on “Monetary and Financial Models”, Rome, February 1979.

  • Brittain, Bruce, “Tests of Theories of Exchange Rate Determination”.The Journal of Finance, Vol. 32, New York, 1977, pp. 519–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Budd, Alan, Terry Burns, “Should We Join the European Monetary System” ?Economic Outlook, 1978–1982, Farnborough, Vol. 3, October 1978.

  • Calvo, Guillermo A., Carlos A. Rodriguez, “A Model of Exchange Rate Determination under Currency Substitution and Rational Expectations”.The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 85, Chicago, 1977, pp. 617–625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chrystal, K. Alec, “Demand for International Media of Exchange”.The American Economic Review, Vol. 67, Menasha, 1977, pp. 840–850.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craine, Roger N., Arthur Havenner, James Berry, “Fixed Rules vs. Activism in the Conduct of Monetary Policy”.The American Economic Review, Vol. 68, Menasha, 1978, pp. 769–783.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dornbusch, Rudiger, “Expectations and Exchange Rate Dynamics”.The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 84, Chicago, 1976, pp. 1161–1176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • -Dornbusch, Rudiger,Monetary Policy under Exchange-Rate Flexibility. Paper Prep. for the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Conference on Managed Exchange-Rate Flexibility, Boston, October 1978.

  • Fischer, Stanley, “Stability and Exchange Rate Systems in a Monetarist Model of the Balance of Payments”. In: Robert Z. Aliber (Ed.),The Political Economy of Monetary Reform. London, 1977, pp. 69–73.

  • Frenkel, Jacob A., K. Clements,Exchange Rates in the 1920’s: A Monetary Approach. Paper Pres, at the 10th Konstanz Seminar on Monetary Theory and Monetary Policy, June 1979.

  • Friedman, Milton, “The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates”. In: Milton Friedman,Essays in Positive Economics. Chicago, 1953, pp. 157–203.

  • Genberg, Hans, “Purchasing Power Parity under Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates”.Journal of International Economics, Vol. 8, Amsterdam, 1978, pp. 247 to 276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • -,Purchasing Power Parity as a Rule for a Crawling Peg. Paper Pres, at the Conference on the Crawling Peg: Past Performance and Future Prospects, Rio de Janeiro, October 1979.

  • Giersch, Herbert, “Exchange-Rate Surveillance”. In: Robert A. Mundell, Jacques J. Polak (Eds.),The New International Monetary System. New York, 1977, pp. 53–68.

  • Girton, Lance, Don Roper [1978 a],Substitutable Monies and the Monetary Standard. Unpubl.

  • -, and [1978b],Theory and Implications of Currency Substitution. May 1978, unpubl.; rev. version of Federal Reserve Board, International Finance Discussion Paper, No. 86, Washington, 1976.

  • Harbrecht, Wolfgang, Manfred J. M. Neumann,Zur Problematik der KaufhraftparitÄtentheorie als Grundlage für Wechselkursanpassungen in einem EuropÄischen WÄhrungssystem. Paper Pres, at the Wirtschaftspolitischer Ausschu\ des Vereins für Socialpolitik, Mainz, March 1979.

  • Hayek, F. A.,Denationalisation of Money. Institute of Economic Affairs, Hobart Paper Special, 70, London, 1976; 2nd ed., rev. and enl., 1978.

  • Hodrick, Robert J., “An Empirical Analysis of the Monetary Approach to the Determination of the Exchange Rate”. In: Harry G. Johnson, Jacob A. Frenkel (Eds.),The Economics of Exchange Rates. Selected Studies, Addison-Wesley Series in Economics, Reading, 1978, pp. 97–116.

  • Isard, Peter,The Process of Exchange-Rate Determination: A Survey of Popular Views and Recent Models. Princeton Studies in International Finance, No. 42, Princeton, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, Harry G., “The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates”. In: Harry G. Johnson (Ed.),Further Essays in Monetary Economics. London, 1972, pp. 198–228.

  • Kareken, John, N. Wallace, “International Monetary Reform: The Feasible Alternatives”. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis,Quarterly Review, Vol. 2, Minneapolis, 1978, pp. 2–7

    Google Scholar 

  • King, David T., Bluford H. Putnam, D. Sykes Wilford,A Currency Portfolio Approach to Exchange Rate Determination: Exchange Rate Stability and the Independence of Monetary Policy. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Research Paper, 7733. Repr. in: Bluford H. Putnam, D. Sykes Wilford (Eds.),The Monetary Approach to International Adjustment. New York, 1978.

  • Korteweg, Pieter,The European Monetary System — Will It Really Bring More Monetary Stability for Europe ? 3rd Meeting of the Shadow European Economic Policy Committee, Paris, May 1979.

  • Kouri, Pentti J. K., Michael G. Porter, “International Capital Flows and Portfolio Equilibrium.”The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 82, Chicago, 1974, pp. 443–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kreinin, Mordechai E., Roy F. Gilbert, “The Demand for Foreign Currency Holdings by European Banks”.The Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 38, Chapel Hill, 1971, pp. 101–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krugman, Paul R., “Purchasing Power Parity and Exchange Rates: Another Look at the Evidence”.Journal of International Economics, Vol. 8, Amsterdam, 1978, pp. 397–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kydland, Finn E., E. C. Prescott, “Rules Rather than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans”.The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 85, Chicago, 1977, PP. 473–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laffer, Arthur B.,Optimal Exchange Rates Systems. Paper Pres, at the American Economic Association Meeting, Atlantic City, September 1976.

  • Langfeldt, Enno, Peter Trapp,überlegungen zum Kurs der Geldpolitik bei VerÄnderungen des WÄhrungsraums. Institut für Weltwirtschaft, Kiel, April 1979, unpubl.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehment, Harmen,Konzepte für ein kontrolliertes Floating. Ein kritischer überblick. Institut für Weltwirtschaft, Kieler Arbeitspapiere, 71, Kiel, Mai 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • — [1979a],Die Interventionspolitik der Deutschen Bundesbank. Institut für Weltwirtschaft, Kiel, June 1979, unpubl.

    Google Scholar 

  • — [1979b],Der Wechselkurs als Indikator für die Geldpolitik. Institut für Weltwirtschaft, Kiel, October 1979, unpubl.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leutwilcr, Fritz [1979a], “Interview”.The Banker, London, February 1979.

  • - [1979b], “Interview”.Schweizerische Handelszeitung, Zürich, September 27, 1979.

  • - [1979 c], Referat an der Generalversammlung der Schweizerischen Nationalbank, 26. April.Beilage zum Monatsbericht der Schweizerischen Nationalbank, Zürich, Mai 1979.

  • Magee, Stephen P., “Contracting and Spurious Deviations from Purchasing-Power Parity”. In: Harry G. Johnson, Jacob A. Frenkel (Eds.),The Economics of Exchange Rates. Selected Studies, Addison-Wesley Series in Economics, Reading, 1978, pp. 67–74.

  • Meade, James E.,“The Case for Variable Exchange Rates”.The Three Banks Review, Edinburgh, 1955, No. 27, pp. 3–27.

  • Miles, Marc A., “Currency Substitution, Flexible Exchange Rates, and Monetary Interdependence”.The American Economic Review, Vol. 68, Menasha, 1978, pp. 428–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, Manfred J. M., “Geldpolitik in der Fehlentwicklung”. HWWA,Wirtschaftsdienst, Vol. 59, Hamburg, 1979, pp. 19–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niehans, Jürg, “Exchange Rate Dynamics with Stock/Flow Interaction”.The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 85, Chicago, 1977, pp. 1245–1257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • - [1978a],Dynamic Purchasing Power as a Monetary Rule. Egon Sohmen Memorial Volume. Forthcoming.

  • - [1978b],Purchasing Power under Flexible Rates. 1978, unpubl.

  • Officer, Lawrence H., “The Productivity Bias in Purchasing Power Parity: An Econometric Investigation”. IMF,Staff Papers, Vol. 23, Washington, 1976, pp. 545–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Optica Report: Study Group on Optimum Currency Areas,Inflation and Exchange Rates: Evidence and Policy Guidelines for the European Community, 1976 Report, EC Commission, D.G. II, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz, Guillermo, L. Solis,Inflation and Growth: Exchange Rate Alternatives for Mexico. Paper Pres, at the Conference on the Crawling Peg: Past Performance and Future Prospects, Rio de Janeiro, October 1979.

  • Phelps, Edmund S., John B. Taylor, “Stabilizing Powers of Monetary Policy under Rational Expectations”.The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 85, Chicago, 1977, pp. 163–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poole, William, “Optimal Choice of Monetary Policy Instruments in a Simple Stochastic Macro Model”.The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 84, Cambridge, Mass., 1970, pp. 197–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SachverstÄndigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung (SVR),Wachstum und WÄhrung. Jahresgutachten 1978/79, Stuttgart.

  • Sargent, Thomas J., Neil Wallace, “ ‘Rational’ Expectations, the Optimal Monetary Instrument, and the Optimal Money Supply Rule”.The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 83, Chicago, 1975, pp. 241–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schiltknecht, Kurt,Monetary Policy under Flexible Exchange Rates: The Swiss Case. Paper Pres, at the 7th Konstanz Seminar on Monetary Theory and Monetary Policy, June 1976; publ. in:Inflation, Unemployment and Monetary-Control. Collected Papers from the 1973-76 Konstanz Seminars, Beihefte zu Kredit und Kapital, Vol. 5, Berlin, 1979.

  • Schweizerische Nationalbank, Bericht über die Wirtschafts- und WÄhrungslage. Bern, 24. 8. 1978.

  • Swoboda, Alexander K.,Exchange-Rate Flexibility in Practice: A Selective Survey of Experience Since 1973. Paper Pres, at the Conference on Macroeconomic Policies for Growth and Stability — The European Perspective, Kiel, June 1979.

  • Tullio, Guiseppe, “An Empirical Note on Relative Monetary Expansion and Depreciation: The Case of the Lira-Swiss Franc Exchange Rate”.European Economic Review, Vol. 12, Amsterdam, 1979, pp. 91–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaubel, Roland, “Real Exchange-Rate Changes in the European Community: The Empirical Evidence and Its Implications for European Currency Unification”.Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Vol. 112, 1976, pp. 429–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, “Free Currency Competition”. ibid, Vol. 113, 1977, pp. 435–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • - [1978a], “The Money Supply in Europe: Why EMS May Make Inflation Worse”.Euromoney, London, December 1978, pp. 139–142.

  • — [1978b], “Real Exchange-Rate Changes in the European Community: A New Approach to the Determination of Optimum Currency Areas”.Journal of International Economics, Vol. 8, Amsterdam, 1978, pp. 319–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — [1978c],Strategies for Currency Unification: The Economics of Currency Competition and the Case for a European Parallel Currency. Kieler Studien, 156, Tübingen, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • - [1979 a],Choice in European Monetary Union. 9th Wincott Memorial Lecture, Institute of Economic Affairs, Occasional Papers, No. 55, London, 1979.

  • - [1979b], “A Europe-Wide Parallel Currency”. In: Samuel I. Katz (Ed.),U.S. — European Monetary Relations. Washington, 1979, pp. 156–183.

  • - [1979c],The Return to the New European Monetary System: Objectives, Incentives, Perspectives. Paper Pres, at the Carnegie-Rochester Conference, Pittsburgh, November 1979; forthcoming August 1980.

  • Wihlborg, Clas,Risks, Capital Market Integration and Monetary Policy under Different Exchange Rate Regimes. Institute of International Economic Studies, Seminar Paper, Stockholm, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

About this article

Cite this article

Roland, V. International shifts in the demand for money, their effects on exchange rates and price levels, and their implications for the preannouncement of monetary expansion. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 116, 1–44 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02719611

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02719611

Keywords

Navigation