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Objectives and impact of economic activity zones — Some evidence from Asia

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Zusammenfassung

Funktion und Auswirkung von Zonen freier wirtschaftlicher AktivitÄten — Erfahrungen in einigen asiatischen Ländern. — Zonen freier wirtschaftlicher Aktivitäten in der Form von Exportveredelungszonen gewinnen in EntwicklungslÄndern als eine “second best” Industrialisierungsma\nahme zunehmend an Bedeutung. Wurde ihre Effektivität bislang häufig angezweifelt, so wird in diesem Aufsatz gezeigt, da\ die über reine BeschÄftigungs- und Einkommenseffekte hinausgehenden Auswirkungen vom Entwicklungsniveau und von der ökonomischen Umwelt abhängen. Trotz der räumlichen Trennung vom Binnenmarkt entwickeln sich “linkages”, vor allem in den Fällen, in denen Grundbedingungen beachtet werden. Die Faktorintensität der Produktion in den Zonen entspricht weitgehend der Faktorausstattung des Gastlandes — Ausnahmen lassen sich meistens auf wirtschaftspolitische Investitionsanreize zurückführen. Bei der insgesamt positiven Interpretation werden allerdings zwei Einschränkungen gemacht. Zum einen haben exogene Faktoren im Welthandel den Ausbau solcher Zonen begünstigt. Zum anderen besteht die latente Gefahr, da\ eine solche Zone lediglich als Freihandelsalibi fungiert, während protektionistische Ma\nahmen im Binnenmarkt noch beibehalten oder gar verstärkt werden.

Résumé

Les buts et les effects des zones d’activité économique — quelque évidence de l’Asie. — Les zones d’activité économique en forme des zones manufacturières d’exportation sont de plus en plus favorisées par des PVD comme seconde mesure d’industrialisation. Tandis qu’on a souvent douté de leur efficacité, cette étude démontre que leur succès d’excéder la génération de l’emploi et du revenu direct dépend du niveau de développement et des environs économiques. Maigre de la séparation du pays récepteur l’interpénétration se développe et la technologie est transférée au pays récepteur, si quelques conditions sont réalisées. L’intensité du facteur de la production dans la zone correspond à la dotation des facteurs présumée excepté en cas où elle était déformée par les incitations d’investissement. Il faut tempérer l’interprétation en considérant que les paramètres changeants du commerce mondial ont contribué que les zones pouvaient jouer leur rÔle et qu’elles ne remplacent que temporaire un commerce plus libre et qu’elles ne sont pas un alibi pour maintenir la protection.

Resumen

Objetivos e Impacto de las Zonas de Actividad Económica: Evidencia en Asia. — Zonas de actividad económica donde manufacturas se procesan con fines de exportación están aumentando en la estima de países en desarrollo como la segunda mejor alternativa para industrializarse. Mientras que su efectividad ha sido a menudo puesta en entredicho, el artículo muestra como el nivel de desarrollo y el entorno económico determinan si el éxito de tal alternativa puede ir mas alla de generar empleo y renta de forma directa. Conexiones se desarrollan y tecnología es transferida al país en cuestión, a pesar de su delimitatión, siempre que se asuma que determinados requisitos se cumplen. La intensidad de los factores productivos en las zonas concuerda en el estudio con las supuestas dotaciones de factores productivos excepto en los casos donde se encuentran distorsionadas a causa de incentivos a la inversión. La interpretación de la evidencia debe considerar que el cambio en los parámetros del comercio internacional ayudó a las zonas a desempeñar su cometido y que el establecimiento de zonas debe ser tan solo una sustitución temporal del comercio libre y no una coartada para perpetuar el proteccionismo.

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Spinanger, D. Objectives and impact of economic activity zones — Some evidence from Asia. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 120, 64–89 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02706563

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