Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Reported biological consequences related to the suppression of melatonin by electric and magnetic field exposure

  • Published:
Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adey, W.R. (1990). Electromagnetic fields, cell membrane amplification, and cancer promotion. In Wilson, B.W., Stevens, R.G., and Anderson, L.E., (Eds.),Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: The Question of Cancer, Columbus: Battelle Press, 211–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adey, W.R. (1993). Electromagnetics in biology and medicine. In Matsumoto, H., (Ed.),Modern Radio Science, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 227–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arendt, J. (1985). Mammalian pineal rhythms,Pineal Research Reviews 3: 161–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arendt, J.; Aldhous M.; English, J.; Marks, V. & Arendt, J.H. (1987). Some effects of jet-lag and their alleviation by melatonin,Ergonomics 30: 1379–1393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, S.M. & Redman, J.R. (1993). Melatonin and circadian rhythimicity. In Yu, H.S., and Reiter, R.J., (Eds.),Melatonin, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 187–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow-Walden, L.R.; Reiter, R.J.; Abe, M.; Pablos, M.I.; Menendez-Pelaez, A.; Chen, L.D. & Poeggeler, B. (1995). Melatonin stimulates brain glutathione peroxidase activity,Neurochemistry International, (in press).

  • Bartsch, H.; Bartsch, H.; Mecke, D. & Lippert, T.H. (1993). The relationship between the pineal gland and cancer: Seasonal aspects. In Wetterberg, L., (Ed.),Light and Biological Rhythms in Man, Oxford: Pergaman, 337–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, M.N. (1991). Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and cancer: The epidemiological evidence,Environmental Health Perspective 95: 147–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blask, D.E. (1993). Melatonin in oncology. In Yu, H.S. and Reiter, R.J., (Eds.),Melatonin, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 447–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blask, D.E. & Hill, S.M. (1988). Melatonin and cancer: Basic and clinical aspects. In Miles, A., Philbrick, D.R.S., and Thompson, S. (Eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 128–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blask, D.E.; Hill, S.M. & Pelletier, D.B. (1988). Oncostatic signaling by the pineal gland and melatonin in the control of breast cancer. In Gupta, D., Attanasio, A. and Reiter, R.J. (Eds.),The Pineal Gland and Cancer, Tubingen: Brain Research Promotion, 195–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brainard, G.C.; Gaddy, J.R.; Barker, F.M.; Hanifan, J.P. & Rollag, M.D. (1993). Mechanisms in the eye that mediate the biological and therapeutic effects of light in humans. In Wetterberg, L. (Ed.),Light and Biological Rhythms in Man, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 29–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buettner, G.R. (1993). The pecking order of free radicals and antioxidants: Lipid peroxidation, α-tocopheroal, and ascorbate,Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 300: 3335–3343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byus, C.V.; Pieper, S.E. & Adey, W.R. (1987). The effects of low-energy 60Hz environmental electromagnetic fields upon the growth-related enzyme ornithine decarboxylase,Carcinogenesis 8: 1385–1389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cagnoli, C.M.; Atabay, C.; Kharlamova E. & Manev, H. (1995). Melatonin protects neurons from singlet oxygen-induced apoptosis,Journal of Pineal Research, (in press).

  • Cerutti, D.A. (1994). Oxy-radicals and cancer,Lancet 344: 862–863.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheeseman, K.H. (1993). Lipid peroxidation and cancer. In Halliwell, B. & Aruoma, O.I. (Eds.),DNA and Free Radicals, London: Ellis Harwood, 109–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, L.D.; Leal, B.Z.; Reiter, R.J.; Abe, M.; Sewerynek, E.; Melchiorri, D.; Meltz, M.L. & Poeggeler, B. (1995). Melatonin’s inhibitory effect on growth of ME-120 human cervical cells is not related to intracellular gluthathione concentrations.Cancer Letters, (in press).

  • Cos S. & Blask, D.E. (1990). Effects of melatonin on the anchorage-independent growth of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in a clonogenic culture system.Cancer Letters 50: 115–119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cozens, F.L. & Scaiano, J.C. (1993). A comparative study of magnetic field effects on the dynamics of generated and random radical pair processes in micelles.Journal of the American Chemical Society 115: 5204–5211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, D. & Encel, N. (1993). Melatonin and sleep in humans.Journal of Pineal Research 15: 1–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demers, P.A.; Thomas, B.D.; Rosenblatt, K.A.; Jimenez, L.M.; McTierman, A.; Stalsburg, H.; Stemhagen, A.; Thompson, W.D.; McCrea Curnen, H.B.; Satariano, W.; Austin, D.F.; Isacan, P.; Greenberg, R.S.; Key, C.; Kolonel, L.N. & West, D.W. (1991). Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and breast cancer in men.American Journal of Epidemiology 134: 340–347.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubbels, R.; Reiter, R.J.; Klenke, E.; Goebel, A.; Schnakenberg, E.; Ehlers, C.; Schiwana, H.W. & Schloot, W. (1995). Melatonin in edible plants identified by high performance liquid chromotography-mass spectrometry.Journal of Pineal Research 18: 28–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El Nabas, S. & Oraby, H.A. (1989). Micronuclei formation in somatic cells of mice exposed to 50Hz electric fields.Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 13: 107–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, C.; Engold, K.V. & Scaiano, J.C. (1988). Magnetic fields effects on the decay of ketyl-aryloxy radical pairs in micellar solution.Journal of Physical Chemistry 92: 1257–1262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farber, J.C. (1994). Mechanisms of cell injury by activated oxygen species.Environmental Health Perspectives 102 (Suppl. 10): 17–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Floderus, B.; Tornquist, S. & Stenlund, C. (1994). Incidence of selected cancers in Swedish railway workers, 1961–79.Cancer Causes and Controls 5: 189–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, M. (1994). An outline on electromagnetic radiation and public health.Reviews on Environmental Health 4: 149–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, C.; Cook, M.R.; Cohen, H.D.; Riffle, D.W.; Hoffman, S.J.; McClernon, F.J.; Smith, D. & Gerkovich, M.M. (1993). EMF suppression of nocturnal melatonin in human volunteers. Abstracts of Annual Review of Research on the Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields, Savannah, GA, Oct 31–Nov 4: 98–99.

  • Grota, L.J.; Reiter R.J.; Keng, P. & Michaelson, S. (1994). Electric field exposure alters circulating melatonin but not melatonin synthesis in male rats.Bioelectromagnetics 15: 427–437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grundler, W.; Kaiser, F.; Keilmann, F. & Walleczek, J. (1992). Mechanism of electromagnetic interaction with cellular systems.Naturwissenschaften 79: 551–559.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardeland, R. & Rodriquez, C. (1995). The versatile melatonin: A pervasive molecule serves various functions in signaling and protection.Chronobiology International, (in press).

  • Hardeland, R.; Reiter, R.J.; Poeggeler, B. & Tan, D.X. (1993). The significance of the metabolism of the neurohormone melatonin: Antioxidative protection and formation of bioactive substances.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 17: 347–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardeland, R.; Balzer, I.; Poeggeler, B.; Fuhrberg, B.; Uria, H.; Behrmann, G.; Wolf, R.; Meyer, T.J. & Reiter, R.J. (1995). On the primary functions of melatonin in evolution: Mediation of photoperiodic signals in a unicell, photooxidation and scavenging of free radicals.Journal of Pineal Research, 18: 104–111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hattori, A.; Migitaka, H.; Iigo, M.; Itoh, M.; Yamamato, K.; Ohtami-Kandro, R.; Hara, M.; Suzaki, T. & Reiter, R.J. (1995). Identification of melatonin in plants and its effects on plasma melatonin levels and binding to melatonin receptors in vertebrates.Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 35: 627–634.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, S.M. & Blask, D.E. (1988). Effects of the pineal hormone melatonin on the proliferation and morphological characteristics of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in culture.Cancer Research 48: 6121–6126.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, S.M.; Spriggs, L.L.; Simon, M.A.; Muneoka H. & Blask, D.E. (1992). The growth inhibitory action of melatonin on human breast cancer cells is linked to the estrogen-response system.Cancer Letters 64: 249–256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hintenlang, D.E. (1993). Synergistic effects of ionizing radiation and 60Hz magnetic fields.Bioelectromagnetics 14: 545–551.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmberg, B. (1995). Magnetic fields and cancer: Animal and cellular evidence—an overview.Environmental Health Perspectives 103 (Suppl. 2): 63–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kato, M.; Honma, K.E.; Shigemitsu, T. & Shiga, T. (1993). Effects of circularly polarized sinusoidal 50Hz magnetic field exposure on plasma and pineal melatonin levels in rats.Bioelectromagnetics 14: 97–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kato, M.; Honma K.; Shigemitsu, T. & Shiga, Y. (1994a). Circularly polarized 50Hz magnetic fields exposure reduce pineal gland melatonin and blood concentrations of Long-Evans rats.Neuroscience Letters 166: 59–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kato, M.; Honma, K.I.; Shigemitsu, T. & Shiga, Y. (1994b). Recovery of nocturnal melatonin concentration takes place within one week following cessation of 50Hz circularly polarized magnetic field exposure for six weeks.Bioelectromagnetics 15: 489–492.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J.M. Jr.; Strormshak, F.; Thompson, J.M.; Thinesen, P.; Painter, L.J.; Olenchek, E.G.; Hess, D.L.; Forbes, R. & Foster, D.L. (1993). Melatonin secretion and puberty in female lambs exposed to environmental electric and magnetic fields.Biology of Reproduction 49: 857–864.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J.M. Jr.; Stormshak, F.; Thompson, J.M.; Hess, D.L. & Foster, D.L. (1995). Melatonin and puberty in female lambs exposed to EMF: Replicate study.Bioelectromagnetics 16: 119–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerchl, A.; Nonaka, K.D.; Stokkan, K.A. & Reiter, R.J. (1990). Marked rapid alterations in nocturnal pineal serotonin metabolism in mice and rats exposed to weak intermittent magnetic fields.Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 169: 102–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerchl, A.; Nonaka, K.D. & Reiter, R.J. (1991). Pineal “magnetosensitivity” to static magnetic fields is a consequence of induced electric currents (eddy currents).Journal of Pineal Research 10: 109–116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liburty, R.P. (1995). Cellular studies and interaction mechanisms of extremely low frequency fields.Radio Science 30: 179–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loscher, W. & Mevissen, M. (1994). Animal studies on the role of 50/60Hz magnetic fields in carcinogenesis.Life Sciences 21: 1531–1534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loscher, W.; Mevissen, M.; Lehmacher, W. & Stamm, A. (1993). Tumor promotion in a breast cancer model by exposure to a weak alternating magnetic fields.Cancer Letters 71: 75–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loscher, W.; Wahnschaffe, V.; Mevissen, M.; Lerchl, A. & Stamm, A. (1994). Effects of weak alternating magnetic fields on nocturnal melatonin production and mammary carcinogenesis in rats.Oncology 51: 288–295.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luben, R.A. (1991). Effects of low-energy electromagnetic fields (pulsed and DC) on membrane signal transduction processes in biological systems.Health Physics 61: 15–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matanowski, G.M.; Breysse, P.N. & Elliot, E.A. (1991). Electromagnetic field exposure and male breast cancer.Lancet 337: 737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menendez-Pelaez, A. & Reiter, R.J. (1993). Distribution of melatonin in mammalian tissues: The relative importance of nuclear verses cytosolic localization.Journal of Pineal Research 15: 59–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mennenga, K.; Ueck, M. & Reiter, R.J. (1991). Immunohistochemical localization of melatonin in the pineal gland and retina of rats.Journal of Pineal Research 10: 159–164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molis, T.M.; Spriggs, L.L.; Jupiter Y. & Hill, S.M. (1995). Melatonin modulation of estrogen-regulated proteins, growth factors, and proto-oncogenes in human breast cancer.Journal of Pineal Research 18: 93–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olcese, J. (1990). The neurobiology of magnetic field detection in rodents.Progress in Neurobiology 35: 325–330.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olcese, J. & Reuss, S. (1986). Magnetic field effects on pineal melatonin synthesis: Comparative studies on albino and pigmented rodent.Brain Research 369: 365–368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olcese, J.; Reuss, S. & Vollrath, L. (1985). Evidence of the involvement of the visual system in mediating magnetic field effects on pineal melatonin synthesis in the rat.Brain Research 33: 382–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pablos, M.I.; Agapito, M.I.; Gutierrez, R.; Recio, J.M.; Reiter, R.J.; Barlow-Walden, L.R.; Acuna-Castroviejo, D. & Menendez-Pelaez, A. (1995). Melatonin stimulates the activity of the detoxifying enzyme glutatione peroxidase in several tissues of chicks.Journal of Pineal Research: (in press).

  • Pang, S.F. (1985). Melatonin concentrations in blood and in pineal gland.Pineal Research Reviews 3: 115–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, J.L.; Haggren, W.; Thomas, W.J.; Ishida-Jones, T. & Adey, W.R. (1992). Magnetic-field-induced changes in specific gene transcription.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1132: 140–144.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pieri, C.; Marra, M.; Moroni, F.; Recchioni, R. & Marcheselli, F. (1994). Melatonin: A peroxyl radical scavenger more effective than vitamin E.Life Sciences 15: PL 271-PL 276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilla, A.A. & Markov, M.S. (1994). Bioeffects of weak electromagnetic fields.Reviews on Environmental Health 10: 155–169.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poeggeler, B.; Reiter, R.J.; Tan, D.X.; Chen, L.D. & Manchester, L.C. (1993). Melatonin, hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidative damage, and aging: A hypothesis.Journal of Pineal Research 14: 151–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poeggeler, B.; Saarela S.; Reiter, R.J.; Tan, D.X.; Chen, L.D.; Manchester, L.C. & Barlow-Walden, L.R. (1994). Melatonin—a highly potent endogenous radical scavenger and electron donor: New aspects of the oxidation chemistry of the indole assessed in vitro.Annals of the New York Academy of Science 738: 419–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poole, C. & Trichopoulos, D. (1991). Extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields and cancer.Cancer Causes and Control 2: 367–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R.J. (1980). The pineal and its hormones in the control of reproduction in mammals.Endocrine Reviews 1: 109–131.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R.J. (1985). Action spectra, dose-response relationships and temporal aspects of light’s effects on the pineal gland.Annals of the New York Academy of Science 453: 215–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R.J. (1991). Pineal melatonin: Cell biology of its synthesis and of its physiological interactions.Endocrine Reviews 12: 151–180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R.J. (1992). Alterations of the circadian melatonin rhythm by the electromagnetic spectrum: A study in environmental toxicology.Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 15: 226–244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R.J. (1993a). Static and extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure: Reported effects on the circadian production of melatonin.Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 51: 394–403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R.J. (1993b). A review of neuroendocrine and neurochemical changes associated with static and extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure.Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science 28: 57–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R.J. (1994). Melatonin suppression by static and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields: Relationships to the reported increased incidence of cancer.Reviews in Environmental Health 10: 171–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R.J. (1995). Oxidant processes and antioxidative defense mechanisms in the aging brain.FASEB Journal 9: 526–533.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R.J. & Richardson, B.A. (1992). Magnetic field effects on pineal indoleamine metabolism and possible biological consequences.FASEB Journal 6: 2283–2287.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R.J.; Poeggeler, P.; Tan, D.X.; Chen, L.D.; Manchester, L.C. & Guerrero, J.M. (1993). Antioxidant capacity of melatonin: A novel action not requiring a receptor.Neuroendocrinology Letters 15: 103–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R.J.; Melchiorri, D.; Sewerynek, E.; Poeggeler, B.; Barlow-Walden, L.R.; Chuang, J.I.; Ortiz, G.G. & Acuña-Castroviejo, D. (1995). A review of the evidence supporting melatonin’s role as an antioxidant.Journal of Pineal Research 18: 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, W.R.; Orr, J.L. & Reiter, R.J. (1993). 60Hz electric and magnetic fields and primate melatonin. In Blank, M. (Ed.),Electricity and Magneticism in Biology Medicine. San Francisco: San Francisco Press, pp. 393–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, W.; Reiter, R.J.; Smith, J.H.D. & Barlow-Walden, L.R. (1994). Rapid onset/offset, variably scheduled 60Hz electric and magnetic field exposures reduces nocturnal melatonin concentrations in nonhuman primates.Bioelectromagnetics, (in press).

  • Savitz, D.A. (1993). Health effects of low-frequency electrical and magnetic fields.Environmental Science and Technology 27: 52–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savitz, D.A. & Calle, E.E. (1987). Leukemia and occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields: Review of epidemiological surveys.Journal of Occupational Medicine 29: 47–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savitz, D.A.; John, E.M. & Kleckner, R.C. (1990). Magnetic field exposure from electric appliances and childhood cancer.American Journal of Epidemiology 131: 763–773.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scaiano, J.C.; Cozens, F.L. & McLean, J. (1994a). Model for the rationalization of magnetic field effectsin vivo. Application of the radical-pair mechanism to biological systems.Photochemistry and Photobiology 59: 585–589.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scaiano, J.C.; Mohtat, N.; Cozens, F.L.; McLean, J. & Thansandote, A. (1994b). Application of the radical pair mechanism of free radicals in organized systems.Bioelectromagnetics 15: 549–554.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Semm, D. (1983). Neurobiological investigations on the magnetic sensitivity of the pineal gland of rodents and pigeons.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 76A: 683–689.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, R.G. (1987). Electric power use and breast cancer: A hypothesis.American Journal of Epidemiology 125: 556–561.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, R.G. (1993). Biologically based epidemiological studies of electric power and cancer.Environmental Health Perspectives 101 (Suppl. 4): 93–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, R.G.; Davis, S.; Thomas, D.B.; Anderson, L.E. & Wilson, B.W. (1992). Electric power, pineal function, and the risk of breast cancer.FASEB Journal 6: 853–860.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamarkin, L.; Cohen, M.; Roselle, D.; Reichert, C.; Lippman, M. & Chabner B. (1981a). Melatonin inhibition and pinealectomy enhancement of 7, 12-dimethylbenz (1) anthracene-induced mammary tumors in the rat.Cancer Research 41: 4432–4438.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamarkin, L.; Danforth, D. & Lichter, A. (1981b). Decreased nocturnal plasma melatonin peak in patients with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer.Science 216: 1003–1005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, D.X.; Chen, L.D.; Poeggeler, B.; Manchester, L.C. & Reiter, R.J. (1993a). Melatonin: A potent endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger.Endocrine Journal 1: 57–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, D.X.; Chen, L.D.; Poeggeler, B.; Manchester, L.C. & Reiter, R.J. (1993b). The pineal hormone melatonin inhibits DNA-adduct formation induced by the chemical carcinogen safrolein vivo.Cancer Letters 70: 65–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, D.X.; Reiter, R.J.; Chen, L.D.; Poeggeler, B.; Manchester, L.C. & Barlow-Walden, L.R. (1994). Both physiological and pharmacological levels of melatonin reduce DNA adduct formation induced by the carcinogen safrole.Carcinogensis 15: 215–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tynes, T. & Anderson, A. (1990). Electromagnetic fields and male breast cancer.Lancet 336: 1556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vijayalaxmi, Reiter, R.J. & Meltz, M.L. (1995a). Melatonin protects human blood lymphocytes from radiation-induced chromosome damage.Mutation Research 346: 23–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vijayalaxmi, Reiter, R.J.; Sewerynek, E.; Poeggeler, B.; Leal, B.Z. & Meltz, M.L. (1995b). Marked reduction of radiation-induced micronuclei in human blood lymphocytes pretreated with melatonin.Radiation Research, 143: 102–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walleczek, J. (1992). Electromagnetic field effects on cells of the immune system: The role of calcium signalling.FASEB Journal 6: 3176–3185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welker, H.A.; Semm, P.; Willig, R.R.; Commentz, J.C.; Wiltschko, W. & Vollrath L. (1983). Effect of an artificial magnetic field on serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content of the rat pineal gland.Experimental Brain Research 50: 426–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wertheitmer, N. & Leeper, E. (1979). Electric wiring configurations and childhood cancer.International Journal of Epidemiology 109: 273–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertheimer, N.; Savitz, D.A. & Leeper, E. (1995). Childhood cancer in relation to indicators of magnetic fields from ground current sources.Bioelectromagnetics 16: 86–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, B.W.; Anderson, L.E.; Hilton, D.I. & Phillips, R.D. (1981). Chronic exposure to 60Hz electric fields: Effects on pineal function in rats.Bioelectromagnetics 2: 371–380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, B.W.; Chess, E.K. & Anderson, L.E. (1986). 60Hz electric field effects on pineal melatonin rhythms: Time course of onset and recovery.Bioelectromagnetics 7: 239–242.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaga, K.; Reiter, R.J.; Manchester, L.C.; Nieves H.; Sun, J.H. & Chen, L.D. (1992). Pineal sensitivity to pulsed static magnetic fields changes during the photoperiod.Brain Research Bulletin 30: 153–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yellon, S.M. (1994). Acute 60Hz magnetic field exposure effects on the melatonin rhythm in the pineal gland and circulation of the adult Djungarian hamster.Journal of Pineal Research 16: 136–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, 78284-7762, San Antonio, TX

    Russel J. Reiter (Professor of Neuroendocrinology)

Authors
  1. Russel J. Reiter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Reiter, R.J. Reported biological consequences related to the suppression of melatonin by electric and magnetic field exposure. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science 30, 314–330 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02691604

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02691604

Keywords

Search

Navigation