Abstract
Discussions about the effects of television violence often fail to clearly define the nature of the effect and of the televised material. This article reviews the various facets of the issue and of the research that deals with them, focusing on one specific aspect that is often regarded as most crucial in public discussions and among researchers: the effect of actually televised entertainment programs on the aggressive behavior of children and adolescents. There is little research on that aspect of the issue and, in contrast to laboratory experiments on media violence, it does not show significant television effects. However, none of the existing studies reflect the changes in home entertainment available now as a result of cable television and VCRs and their possible effects on viewers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Atkin, D., B. Greenberg, F. Korzenny, & S. McDermott (1979). “Selective Exposure to Television Violence,”Journal of Broadcasting, 23:5–13.
Bandura, A. (1973).Aggression. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1977).Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (1965). “Influence of Models’ Reinforcement Contingencies on the Acquisition of Imitative Responses.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1:580–595.
Baron, J.N. & P.C. Reiss (1985). “Same Time, Next Year: Aggregate Analyses of the Mass Media and Violent Behavior.”American Sociological Review, 50:364–371.
Belson, W.A. (1978). “Television Violence and the Adolescent Boy.” London: Saxon House.
Berkowitz, L. (1984). “Some Effects of Thoughts on Anti- and Prosocial Influences of Media Events: A Cognitive-Neoassociation Analysis.”Psychological Bulletin, 95 (3):410–417.
Bohrnstedt, G.W., (1969). “Observations on the Measurement of Change.” In E. F. Borgatta (ed.),Sociological Methodology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Cook, T.D., D.A. Kendzierski, & S.V. Thomas (1983). “The Implicit Assumptions of Television Research: An Analysis of the 1986 NIMH Report onTelevision and Behavior.”Public Opinion Quarterly, 47:161–201.
Dominick, J.F. & B.S. Greenberg (1972). “Attitudes toward Violence: The Interaction of Television Exposure, Family Attitudes, and Social Class.” In G.A. Comstock and E.A. Rubinstein (Eds.),Television and Social Behavior. (Vol. 3).Television and Adolescent Aggressiveness. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Drabman, R.S. & M.H. Thomas (1974). “Does Media Violence Increase Children’s Toleration of Real-Life Aggression?”Developmental Psychology, 10:481–421.
Duncan, O.D. (1972). “Unmeasured Variables in Linear Models for Panel Analysis.”Psychological Bulletin, 72:177–182.
Eron, L.D., L.R. Huesmann, M.M. Lefkowitz, & L.O. Walder (1972). “Does Television Violence Cause Aggression?”American Psychologist, 27:253–263.
Feshbach, S., and R.D. Singer (1971).Television and Aggression: An Experimental Field Study. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Freedman, J.L. (1984). “Effect of Television Violence on Aggressiveness.”Psychological Bulletin, 96:227–246.
Freedman, J.L. (1986). “Television Violence and Aggression: A Rejoinder.”Psychological Bulletin, 100:372–378.
Friedrich-Cofer, L. & A.C. Huston (1986). “Television Violence and Aggression: The Debate Continues.”Psychological Bulletin, 100, 3:364–371.
Gerbner, G., L. Cross, M. Morgan and N. Signorelli, (1980). “The Mainstreaming of America: Violence Profile No. 11.”Journal of Communication, 30:10–29.
Gould, M.S. & D. Shaffer (1986). “The Impact of Suicide in Television Movies: Evidence of Imitation.”The New England Journal of Medicine, 315:690–693.
Greenberg, B.S. (1975). “British Children and Televised Violence.”Public Opinion Quarterly, 38:531–547.
Hartnagel, T.F., J.J. Teevan, Jr. & J.J. McIntyre (1975). “Television Violence and Violent Behavior.”Social Forces, 54:341–351.
Hearold, S.L. (1985). “A Synthesis of 1,043 Effects of Television on Social Behavior.” In G. Comstock (Ed.)Public Communication and Behavior, Vol. 1. New York, Academic Press.
Hennigan, K.M., M.H. Del Rosario, L. Heath, T.D. Cook, J.D. Wharton, & B.J. Calder (1982). “Impact of the Introduction of Television on Crime in the United States: Empirical Findings and Theoretical Implications.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42:461–477.
Himmelweit, H.T., A.N. Oppenheim, P. Vince (1958).Television and the Child: An Empirical Study of the Effect of Television on the Young. London: Oxford University Press, 1958.
Hirsch, P., (1980). “The ‘Scary World’ of the Nonviewer and Other Anomalies: A Reanalysis of Gerbner et al.’s Findings of Cultivation Analysis, Part I.”Communication Research, 7:403–56.
Huesmann, L.R., L.D. Eron (Eds.) (1986).Television and the Aggressive Child: A Cross National Comparison. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hughes, M., (1980). “The Fruits of Cultivation Analysis: A Re-examination of the Effects of Television Watching on Fear of Victimization, Alienation, and the Approval of Violence.”Public Opinion Quarterly, 44:287–302.
Jöreskog, K.G. (1973). “A General Method for Estimating a Linear Structural Equation System.” In A.S. Gold-berger and O.D. Duncan (Eds.),Structural Equation Models in the Social Sciences. New York: Academic Press, pp. 85–112.
Kaplan, R.M. & R.D. Singer (1976). “Television Violence and Viewer Aggression: A Reexamination of the Evidence.”Journal of Social Issues, 32:35–70.
Kessler, R.C. & H. Stipp (1984). “The Impact of Fictional Television Suicide Stories on U.S. Fatalities: A Replication.”The American Journal of Sociology, 90:92–111.
Lazarsfeld, P.F. (1973). “Mutual Relations Over Time of Two Attributes: A Review and Integration of Various Approaches.” In M. Hammer, K. Salzingo, & S. Sutton (eds.),Psychopathology: Contributions from the Social, Behavior, and Biological Sciences (pp. 461–479). New York: Wiley.
Leftkowitz, M.M., L.D. Eron, L.O. Walder, and L.R. Huesmann (1977).Growing Up to Be Violent: A Longitudinal Study of the Development of Aggression. New York: Pergammon.
Loye, D., R. Gorney, & G. Steele (1977). “An Experimental Field Study.”Journal of Communication, 27:206–216.
Malamuth, N.M. & E. Donnerstein (Eds.) (1984).Pornography and Sexual Aggression. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press.
McGuire, S.J. (1986). “The Myth of Massive Media Impact: Savagings and Salvagings.” In G. Comstock (Ed.),Public Communication and Behavior (Vol. 1, pp. 173–257). Orlando, Florida: Academic Press.
McIntyre, J.J., J.J. Teevan, Jr., & T. Hartnagel (1972). “Television Violence and Deviant Behavior.” In G.A. Comstock & E.A. Rubinstein (Eds.),Television and Social Behavior: Vol. 3. Television and Adolescent Aggressiveness (pp. 383–435). Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office.
McLeod, J.M., C.K. Atkin, & S.H. Chaffee (1972a). “Adolescents, parents and television use: Adolescent self-report measures from Maryland and Wisconsin samples.” In G.A. Comstock & E.A. Rubinstein (Eds.),Television and social behavior. Vol. 3, Television and adolescent aggressiveness (pp. 173–238). Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office.
McLeod, J.M., C.K. Atkin, & S.H. Chaffee (1972b). “Adolescents, parents and television use: Self-report and other measures from the Wisconsin sample.” In G.A. Comstock & E.A. Rubinstein (Eds.),Television and Social Behavior: Vol. 3. Television and Adolescent Aggressiveness (pp. 239–335). Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office.
Milavsky, J.R., R.C. Kessler, H. Stipp, W.S. Rubens (1982).Television and Aggression: A Panel Study. New York: Academic Press.
Milgram, S. & R.L. Shotland (1973).Television and Antisocial Behavior: Field Experiments. New York: Academic Press.
National Academy of Sciences (1983). “Children and TV Violence: Where Do We Go From Here?”News Report, March. Washington, D.C.
National Institute of Mental Health, (1982). “Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implictions for the Eighties.” (D. Pearl, L. Bonthilet, and J. Lazar, eds.). Rockville, Md.: NIMH.
Parke, R.D., L. Berkowitz, J.R. Leyens, S. West, & R.J. Sebastian (1977). “Some Effects of Violent and Nonviolent Movies on the Behavior of Juvenile Delinquents. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.),Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 135–172). New York: Academic Press.
Phillips, D.P. (1982). “The Impact of Fictional Television Stories on U.S. Adult Fatalities: New Evidence on the Effect of the Mass Media on Violence.”American Journal of Sociology, 87:1340–59.
Phillips, D.P. (1983). “The Impact of Mass Media Violence on U.S. Homicides.”American Sociological Review, 48:560–568.
Phillips, D.P. & L.L. Carstensen (1986). “Clustering of Teenage Suicides after Television News Stories about Suicide.The New England Journal of Medicine, 315:685–689.
Phillips, D.P. & D.J. Paight, B.A. (1987). “The Impact of Televised Movies about Suicide: A Replicative Study.”The New England Journal of Medicine, 317:809–811.
Platt, S. (1987). “The Aftermath of Angie’s Overdose: Is Soap (Opera) Damaging to your Health?”British Medical Journal, 294:954–957.
Rubinstein, E.A. (1983). “Television and Behavior: Research Conclusions of the 1982 NIMH Report and Their Policy Implications.”American Psychologist, 38:820–825.
Schmidtke, A. & H. Häfner (1986). “Die Vermittlung von Selbstmordmotivation und Selbstmordhandlung durch fiktive Modelle,”Der Nervenarzt, 57:502–510
Schramm, W., J. Lyle, E.B. Parker (1961).Television and the Lives of our Children. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Singer, J.L. and D.G. Singer, (1980).Television, Imagination and Aggression: A Study of Preschoolers’ Play. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Stipp, H. (1975).Validity in Social Research: Measuring Children’s Television Exposure. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University.
Surgeon General’s Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior (1972).Television and Growing Up: The Impact of Televised Violence. Report to the Surgeon General, United States Public Health Service. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Tannenbaum, P.H. (1980). “Entertainment as Vicarious Emotional Experience.” In P.H. Tannenbaum (Ed.),The Entertainment Functions of Television. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Turner, C.W., B.W. Hesse, and S. Peterson-Lewis, (1986). “Naturalistic Studies of the Long-Term Effects of Television Violence.”Journal of Social Issues, 42.3:51–73.
Wiegman, O., M. Kuttschreuter, B. Baarda (1986).Television Viewing Related to Aggressive and Prosocial Behaviour. The Hague, The Netherlands: SVO/THT.
Williams, T.M. (1978).Differential Impact of TV on Children: A Natural Experiment in Communities With and Without TV.: Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for Research on Aggression, Washington.
Wilson, W. & R. Hunter (1983). “Movie-Inspired Violence.”Psychological Report, 53:435–441.
Zillmann, D. (1971). “Excitation Transfer on Communication—Mediated Aggressive Behavior.”Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7:419–434.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stipp, H., Milavsky, J.R. U.S. television programming’s effects on aggressive behavior of children and adolescents. Current Psychology 7, 76–92 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686665
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686665