Abstract
The effects of triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) concentration, cell age, and presence of O2 on the dehydrogenase activity of Aspergillus niger as measured by triphenyl formazan (TF) yield were investigated. The results indicated that increasing TTC concentration initially increased the TF yield and then decreased it. The maximum TF yield was observed at a TTC concentration of 30 g/L for young cells (4 d old) and 20 g/L for old cells (12 d old). Conducting the test under anaerobic conditions increased the TF yield. About 18% of the TF produced was converted back into TTC in the presence of oxygen. The relationship between dehydrogenase activity of A. niger (as measured by TF yield) and cell mass was found to be linear. A kinetic model describing the relationship between reaction rate (micromoles of TF formed per hour) and TTC concentration while accounting for substrate inhibition was developed, and the model constants were calculated. The optimum TTC-test conditions for dehydrogenase activity measurement of A. niger were a TTC concentration of 20 g/L, a pH of 9.0, a temperature of 55°C, an incubation time of 3 h, and anaerobic conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Berka, R. M., Dunn-Coleman, N., and Ward, M. (1992), in Aspergillus Biology and Industrial Applications, Bennett, J. W. and Klich, M. A., eds., Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, MA.
Ray, B. (1996), Fundamental Food Microbiology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Naidu, G. S. N. and Panda, T. (2003), Biochem. Eng. J. 16(1), 57–67.
Pandey, A. (1992), Process Biochem. 27(2), 109–117.
Stagg, C. M. and Feather, M. S. (1973), Int. J. Biochem. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 320(1), 64–72.
Brzeski, M. M. (1987), Infofish Int. 5(87), 38–40.
Lenhard, G. (1956), Z. Pflanzenernaehr. Dueng. Bodenkd 73, 1–11.
Casida, L. E., Klein, D. A., and Santoro, T. (1964), Soil. Sci. 98, 371–376.
Klein, D. A., Loh, T. C., and Goulding, R. L. (1971), Soil Biol. Biochem. 3, 385–387.
Skujins, J. (1973), Bull. Ecol. Res. Committee 17, 235–241.
Casida, L. E. (1977), Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34(6), 630–636.
Chendrayan, K., Adhya, T. K., and Sethunathan, N. (1979), Soil Biol. Biochem. 12, 271–273.
Farini, A., Gigliotti, C., and Vandoni, M. V. (1988), Ann. Microbiol. Enzimol. 38, 223–229.
Chander, K. and Brookes, P. C. (1991), Soil Biol. Biochem. 23(10), 909–915.
Rossel, D. and Tarradellas, J. (1991), Environ. Toxicol. Water Quality 6, 17–33.
Friedel, J. K., Mölter, K., and Fischer, W. R. (1994), Biol. Fertil. Soils 18, 291–296.
Gong, P. (1996), Soil Biol. Biochem. 29(2), 211–214.
Lenhard, G., Nourse, L. D., and Schwartz, H. M. (1964), in Proceedings of the Second International Conference, Baars, J. K., ed., Tokyo 2, pp. 105–119.
Muntean, V., Pasca, D., Crisan, R., Kiss, S., and Dragan-Bularda, M. (1999), Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Biologia 44(1–2), 199–207.
Sutherland, E. D. and Cohen, S. D. (1983), Phytopathology 73(11), 1532–1535.
El-Hamalawi, Z. A. and Erwin, D. C. (1986), Physiol. Biochem. 76(5), 503–507.
An, Z.-Q. and Hendrix, J. W. (1988), Mycologia 80(2), 259–261.
Jiang, J. and Erwin, D. C. (1990), Mycologia 82(1), 107–113.
Meier, R. and Charvat, I. (1993), Am. J. Botany 80(9), 1007–1015.
Walley, F. L. and Germida, J. J. (1995), Mycologia 87(2), 273–279.
Stentelaire, C., Antoine, N., Cabrol, C., Feron, G., and Durand, A. (2001), Enzyme Microb. Technol. 29(8–9), 560–566.
Ghaly, A. E., Kok, R., and Ingrahm, J. M. (1989), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 22, 59–78
Ghaly, A. E. and Ben-Hassan, R. M. (1993), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 43, 77–92.
Ghaly, A. E. and El-Taweel, A. A. (1995), Trans. ASAE 38(4), 1113–1120.
Griebe, T., Schaule, G., and Wuertz, S. (1997), J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19, 118–122.
Mahmoud, N. S. (2005), PhD thesis, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Altman, F. P. (1969), Histochemie 19, 363–374.
Tengerdy, R. P., Nagy, J. G., and Martin, B. (1967), Appl. Microbiol. 15(4), 954, 955.
Shuler, M. L. and Kargi, F. (1992), Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Ohara, M. T. and Saito, T. (1995), J. AOAC Int. 78(6), 1525–1529.
American Public Health Association. (1967), Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
Doran, P. M. (1995), Bioprocess Engineering Principles, Academic Press Limited, London. UK.
Blanch, H. W. and Clark, D. S., (1997), Biochemical Engineering, Marcel Dekker, New York.
Andrews, J. F. (1968), Biotechnol. Bioeng. 10(6), 707–723.
Edwards, V. H. (1970), Biotechnol. Bioeng. 12(5), 679–712.
Han, K. and Levenspiel, O. (1988), Biotechnol. Bioeng. 32(4), 430–437.
Loung, J. H. (1987), Biotechnol. Bioeng. 29(2), 242–248.
Ghaly, A. E. and El-Taweel, A. A. (1994), Biomass Bioenergy 6(6), 465–478.
Ghaly, A. E. and Ben-Hassan, R. M. (1995), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 5(1), 79–92.
Tango, S. A. and Ghaly, A. E. (1999), Trans. ASAE 42(6), 1791–1800.
Ross, D. J. (1971), Soil Biol. Biochem. 3, 97–110.
Trevors, J. T. (1984), Soil Biol. Biochem. 16(6), 673–674.
Altman, F. P. (1976), Prog. Histochem. Cytochem. 9, 1–56.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ghaly, A.E., Mahmoud, N.S. Effects of tetrazolium chloride concentration, O2, and cell age on dehydrogenase activity of Aspergillus niger . Appl Biochem Biotechnol 136, 207–222 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686018
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686018