Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

C-Cr-Fe-N (carbon-chromium-iron-nitrogen)

  • Published:
Journal of Phase Equilibria

Abstract

The phase equilibria of this quaternary system are of practical interest in the development of Cr-based corrosion and heat-resisting steels. It has been known for many years that N promotes the formation of austenite in Cr steels. This review presents isothermal sections for Fe-rich alloys in the temperature range of 1300 to 700 °C. They are at constant compositions of 30,24,18,12, and 7 wt. % Cr, sectioned parallel to the C-Fe-N base of the composition tetrahedron. A partial reaction scheme developed by [69Mas2] is given, relating the four-phase univariant reactions to the five-phase invariant reactions in the system. For the constituent binary and ternary systems, recent assessments are cited and a list of updated references is given. Selected phase diagrams of the constituent systems relevant to the reviewed quaternary data are given.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Cited References

  1. G.F. Tisinai, J.K. Stanley, and C.H. Samans, “Austenitic Fe-Cr-C-N Stainless Steels”,Trans. ASM, 48, 356–367 (1956). (Experimental; #)

    Google Scholar 

  2. V.S. Mozgovoi and A.M. Samarin, “Solubility of Nitrogen in Cr-C, Cr-Fe, and Cr-Fe-C Alloys,”Fiz.-Khim. Osnovy Priozvodstva Stali, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Inst. Met., A. A. Baikov, Trudy 3rd Konf., 1955,586-589 (1957) in Russian. (Experimen- tal)

  3. K. Bungardt, E. Kunze, and E. Horn, “Investigation of the Constitution of the Iron-Chromium-Carbon System,”Arch. Eisenhuttenwes.,29(3), 193–203 (1958) in German. (Experi- mental; #)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Y. Imai, T. Masumoto, and M. Naka, “Structural Dia- grams of the Quaternary 18% Cr-Fe-C-N System,”Nippon Kinzoku Gakkai-Si, 30 (8), 747–754 (1966) in Japanese; TR:Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Tohoku Univ. A, 19 (2), 83–96 (1967). (Experi- mental; #)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Y. Imai, T. Masumoto, and K. Maeda, “Structural Dia- grams and Phase Reactions of Fe-Cr-N Ternary System,”Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Tohoku Univ. A, 19, 35–49(1967). (Experimental; #)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Y. Imai, T. Masumoto, and M. Naka, “Structural Dia- grams and Phase Reaction in the Quaternary Fe-12% Cr-C-N System,”Nippon Kinzoku Gakkai-Si, 31 (12), 1399–1405 (1967) in Japanese; TR:Sci. Rep. Res. Inst., Tohoku Univ. A, 23 (5–6), 153–166 (1972). (Experimental;#)

    Google Scholar 

  7. R. Kieffer, P. Ettmayer, and T. Dubsky, “Chromium-Car- bon-Nitrogen System,”Z. Metallkd.,58 (8) 560–564 (1967) in German. (Experimental; #)

    Google Scholar 

  8. T. Masumoto, Y. Imai, and M. Naka, “Structural Dia- grams and Solid Phase Reactions of the Quaternary 7% Cr-Fe- C-N System,”Nippon Kinzoku Gakkai-Si, 33 (6), 705–710 (1969) in Japanese; TR:Sci. Rep. Res. Inst., Tohoku Univ. A, 23 (5–6), 167–177 (1972). (Experimental; #)

    Google Scholar 

  9. T. Masumoto and Y. Imai, “Considerations on Solid Phase Reactions of the Quaternary Fe-Cr-C-N System,”Nippon Kinzoku Gakkai-Si, 33 (8), 927–933 (1969) in Japanese. (Exper- imental; #)

    Google Scholar 

  10. J. Chipman, “Thermodynamics and Phase Diagram of the Fe-C System,”Metall. Trans.,3, 55–64 (1972). (Review; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. P. Poyet, P. Guiraldenq, and J. Hochmann, “Determination of the γ - Region in Fe-Cr Alloys with Very Low Carbon and Ni- trogen Contents: The Effect of These Elements on the Shape of the γ - Loop,”Mem. Sci. Rev. Metall.,69 (11), 775–783 (1972) in French. (Experimental; #)

    Google Scholar 

  12. R. Benz, J.F. Elliott, and J. Chipman, “Thermodynamics of the Carbides in the System Fe-Cr-C,”Metall. Trans.,5, 2235- 2240 (1974). (Experimental; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Agren, “AThermodynamic Analysis of the Fe-C and Fe- N Phase Diagrams,”Metall. Trans. A, 10, 1847–1852 (1979). (Review; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. T. Nishizawa and M. Hasebe, “Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams of Iron Alloys,”Tetsu-to-Hagané, 67 (14), 2086–2097 (1981) in Japanese. (Thermo; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. B. Chicco and W.R. Thorpe, “Experimental Determination of the Austenite/Liquid Phase Boundaries of Fe-C System,”Metall. Trans. A, 13,1293–1297(1982) (Experimental; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. O. Kubaschewski, “Iron-Chromium,”Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams,” Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 31–34 (1982). (Review; #)

    Google Scholar 

  17. W. Brostow and M. A. Macip, “Prediction of Solid + Liquid Equilibrium Diagrams for Binary Mixtures Forming Solid Solu- tions with an Extremum,”Mater. Res. Soc. Symp., Alloy Phase Diagrams, Boston, MA, 1982, Vol. 19, 217–222 (1983). (Re- view; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. B. Chicco and W. R. Thorpe, “AFurther Determination of the Austenite Solidus of the Fe-C System,”Metall. Trans. A, 14, 312–314 (1983). (Experimental;#)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. B. Sundman, “The Sublattice Model,”Mater. Res. Soc. Symp., Alloy Phase Diagrams, Boston, MA, 1982, Vol. 19,115- 127(1983). (Review;#)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. H. Gamsjager, “Computer Calculation of the Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram,”Berg Huttenmann. Monatsh.,129(5), 139–143 (1984) in German. (Review; #)

    Google Scholar 

  21. ba]K. Hashiguchi, J.S. Kirkaldy, T. Fukuzumi, and V. Pavaskar, “Prediction of the Equilibrium, Paraequilibrium and No-Partition Local Equilibrium Phase Diagrams for Multi- component Fe-C Base Alloys,”Calphad, 8 (2), 173–186 (1984). (Review; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. D.M. Kundrat, M. Chochol, and J.F. Elliott, “Phase Rela- tionships in the Fe-Cr-C System at Solidification Tempera- tures,”Metall. Trans. B, 15,663–676 (1984). (Experimental; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. H. Ohtani, M. Hasbe, and T. Nishizawa, “Calculation of Fe-C, Co-C and Ni-C Phase Diagrams,”Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn.,24(10), 857–864 (1984). (Review;#)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. V.G. Rivlin, “14: Critical Review of Constitution of C-Cr- Fe and C-Fe-Mn Systems,”Int. Met. Rev.,29 (4), 299–327 (1984). (Review; #)

    Google Scholar 

  25. G.J Shiflet, J.R. Bradley, and H.I. Aaronson, “Further Con- siderations on the Thermodynamics of the Proeutectoid Ferrite Reaction in Fe-C Alloys,”Metall. Trans. A, 15, 1287–1288 (1984). (Review; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. M. Enomoto and H. I. Aaronson, “Calculation of the α + γ Phase Boundaries in Fe-C-X Systems from the Central Atoms Model,”Calphad 9(1), 43–58 (1985). (Review; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. P. Gustafson, “AThermodynamic Evaluation of the Fe-C System,”Scand.J.Metall.,14(5), 259–267(1985). (Review;#)

    Google Scholar 

  28. M. Hasebe, H. Ohtani, and T. Nishizawa, “Effect of Mag- netic Transition on the Solubility of Carbon in bcc Fe and fcc Co-Ni Alloys,”Metall.Trans. A, 16, 913–921 (1985). (Experi- mental; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. W. R. Thorpe and B. Chicco, “The Iron-Rich Corner of the Metastable C-Cr-Fe Liquidus Surface,”Metall. Trans. A, 16, 1541–1549 (1985). (Experimental; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. P. Villars and L.D. Calvert,Pearson’s Handbook of Crystal- lographic Data for Intermetallic Phases, Vol. 1,2, and 3, Ameri- can Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  31. K. Acta, “Thermodynamics of the Fe-Cr-C System at 985 K,”Metall. Trans.A, 16,1479–1490(1985).(Experimental;#)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. J. Kunze, “Thermodynamic Calculation of Phase Dia- grams in the Iron-Nitrogen System,”SteelRes.,57(8), 361–367 (1986). (Review;#)

    Google Scholar 

  33. D.M. Kundrat, “Direct Use of Chemical Potential Func- tion in Thermodynamic Modelling of Alloy Phase Diagrams,”Metall. Trans.A, 17,1471–1477(1986). (Review;#)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. L. Maldzinski, Z. Pryzlecki, and J. Kunze, “Equilibrium Between NH3-H2 Mixtures and the Phase of Iron,”SteelRes.,57 (12), 645–649 (1986). (Experimental; #)

    Google Scholar 

  35. A. OkActa and H. Miyake, “Double Eutectic Equilibrium of Fe-C System Alloys,”Eng. Technol, 8 (4), 103–108 (1986) in Japanese. (Experimental; #)

    Google Scholar 

  36. E. Schurmann and J, Schweinichen, “Invesigation of the Melting Equilibrium of Iron Rich Ternary Fe-C-Xi Alloys with Xi = Al, Cu, Ni and Cr,”Giessereiforschung, 38 (4), 125–132 (1986) in German. (Experimental; #)

    Google Scholar 

  37. M. Yiwen and T.Y. Hsu, “C-C Interaction Energy in Fe-C Alloys,”Acta Metall.,34 (2), 325–331 (1986). (Review; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. J.O. Andersson and B. Sundman, “Thermodynamic Prop- erties of the Cr-Fe System,”Calphad, 11 (1), 83–92 (1987). (Re- view;#)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. R. Berkane, J. Gachon, J. Charles, and J. Hertz, “AThermo- dynamic Study of the Chromium-Carbon System,”Calphad, 11 (4), 375–382 (1987) (Experimental; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Y.Y. Chuang, J.C. Lin, and Y.A. Chang, “A Thermody- namic Description and Phase Relationships in the Fe-Cr Sys- tem,”Calphad, 11 (1), 57–72 and 73–81 (1987). (Review; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. S.M. Dubiel and G. Inden, “On the Miscibility Gap in the Fe-Cr System,”Z. Metallkd.,78 (8), 544–549 (1987). (Experi- mental; #)

    Google Scholar 

  42. K. Frisk, “A New Assessment of the Fe-N Phase Diagram,”Calphad, 11 (2), 127–134 (1987). (Review; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. P. Gustafson, “ A Thermodynamic Evaluation of the C-Fe- W Sysitm,”Metall.Trans.A, 18,175–188(1987).(Review;#)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. S. Hertzman and M. Jarl, “AThermodynamic Analysis of the Fe-Cr-N System,”Metall. Trans. A, 18, 1745–1752 (1987). (Experimental; Review; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. S. Hertzman, “An Experimental and Thermodynamic Study of the Fe-Cr-C-N System at 1273 K,”Metall. Trans. A, 18, 1753–1766 (1987). (Experimental; Review;#)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. D.M. Kundrat, “Thermodynamic Model of the Solidifica- tion Process of Alloys. Part I. General Treatment for Complete Equilibrium,”Calphad, 11 (4), 349–354 (1987). (Review; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. V. Raghavan, “The C-Fe-N (Carbon-Iron-Nitrogen) Sys- tem,”Phase Diagrams of Ternary Iron Alloys: Part 1, ASM In- ternational, Metals Park, OH, 153–165 (1987). (Review; #)

    Google Scholar 

  48. V. Raghavan, “The Cr-Fe-N (Chromium-Iron-Nitrogen) System,”Phase Diagrams of Ternary Iron Alloys: Part I, ASM International, Metals Park, OH, 171–182(1987).(Review;#)

    Google Scholar 

  49. E. Schurmann, J. Schweinichen, R. Volker, and H. Fischer, “Calculation of the α/δ and γ Liquidus of Iron and of the Liquidus of Carbon as well as of the Univariant Reaction Lines in Iron-Rich Carbon Containing Three-Component Systems: Parts 1 and 2,”Giessereiforschung, 39 (3) 97–103 and 104–113 (1987) in Ger- man. (Review; #)

    Google Scholar 

  50. H. A. Wriedt, N.A. Gokcen, and R.H. Nafziger, “The Fe-N (Iron-Nitrogen) System,”Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 8 (4), 355–377 (1987). (Review;#)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. J.O. Andersson, “AThermodynamic Evaluation of the Fe- Cr-C System,”Metall. Trans. A, 19, 627–636 (1988). (Review; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. G.V. Raynor and V.G. Rivlin, “C-Cr-Fe,”Phase Equilibria in Iron Ternary Alloys, Institute of Metals, London, 143–156 (1988). (Review;#)

    Google Scholar 

  53. J. Slycke, L. Sproge, and J. Agren, “Nitrocarburizing and the Ternary Fe-N-C Phase Diagram,”Scand, J. Metall, 17(3), 122–126 (1988). (Review;#)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Z. Xu and L. Lin, “Phase Boundaries of Single Phase ε- and γ′ Fields in Fe-C-N Phase Diagrams,”Acta Metall. Sin.,24 (1), B1-B6 (1988) in Chinese (Experimental; #)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. A.A. Zhukov, “Phase Diagrams of Alloys of the System Fe-C,”Metalloved. Term. Obrah. Met.,30 (4), 2–9 (1988) in Russian; TR:Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 30 (3–4), 249–255 (1988). (Review; #)

    Google Scholar 

  56. C. Ko and R.B. McLellan, “Thermodynamics of C-N Aus- tenites,”J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 50 (6), 619–622 (1989). (Experi- mental; #)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. S.H. Lim, G.E. Murch, and W.A. Oates, “Monte Carlo Cal- culation of the Ferrite/Austenite Equilibrium in Fe-C Alloys,”Calphad, 13 (2), 139–147 (1989). (Review; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. A.A. Zhukov, E.P. Shilina, and T.F. Arkhipova, “New Com- putation Methods in the Analysis of the Fe-C-Cr and Fe-C-Mn Systems in the Eutectic Range,”Calphad, 13 (1), 23–32 (1989). (Review;#)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. K. Frisk, “A Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Cr-Fe-N System,”Metall. Trans.A, 21,2477–2488(1990).(Review;#)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. K.V. Gorev and V.I. Gurinovich, “Phase Diagram of the Fe-C System and Effect of Certain Factors on the Decomposi- tion of Cementite,”Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Met., (6), 181–183 (1990);TR:Russ.Metall, (6), 182–185(1990). (Review;#)

  61. M.K. Schlesinger, “Application of the Quasi Subsubregu- lar Solution Model: The Iron-Carbon System,”Metall. Trans. A, 21,447–453 (1990). (Review;#)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. M. Venkatraman and J.P. Neumann, “The C-Cr (Carbon- Chromium) System,”Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 11 (2), 152- 159 (1990). (Review;#)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. H. Du and M. Hillert, “An Assessment of the C-Fe-N Sys- tem,”Z. Metallkd.,82 (4), 310–316 (1991). (Review; #)

    Google Scholar 

  64. K. Frisk, “AThermodynamic Evaluation of the Cr-N, Fe-N, Mo-N, and Cr-Mo-N Systems,”Calphad, 15 (1), 79–106 (1991). (Review; #)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. B.L. Leonovich, O.I. Kachurina, G.G. Mikhailov, and T.D. Kozyreva, “Thermal Stability of Phases in Iron-Chromium-Car- bon Alloys,”Izv. V.U.Z. Chernaya Metall, (3) 4–7 (1991) in Rus- sian. (Review; #) *Indicates key paper. #Indicates presence of a phase diagram.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, New Delhi, India

    V. Raghavan

Authors
  1. V. Raghavan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Raghavan, V. C-Cr-Fe-N (carbon-chromium-iron-nitrogen). JPE 13, 119–129 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02667472

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02667472

Keywords

Search

Navigation