Abstract
Phase distributions and the internal magnetic fields have been determined in rapidly solidified stainless steels (Fe-nCr-8Ni-0.05C, Fe-nCr-5Ni, and Fe-nCr withn in the range of 10 to 24) by transmission and conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (TMS and CEMS). Based on these results, a modification of the phase boundaries in the Schaeffler diagram is suggested to account, in particular, for rapidly solidified stainless steels. The suggested modification is primarily an expansion of the austenite field toward higher Cr and lower Ni equivalent contents. Combining CEMS and TMS makes it possible to determine the phase distributions both in the near surface region (outmost 300 nm) and in the bulk of the ribbons. For the low-Cr alloys, the content of the bcc phase (martensite) in the surface region is higher than in the sample as a whole. In the high-Cr alloys, the content of the bcc phase (ferrite) is lower in the surface than in the bulk. This disparity is ascribed to the different mechanisms of formation of martensite (diffusionless) and ferrite (nucleation and growth) in relation to the higher cooling rates of the surface layers. The determinations of the internal magnetic field are in good agreement with earlier investigations on conventionally processed Fe-Cr steels, where it was found that the internal magnetic field decreases with increasing Cr content.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
B. Cantor: inRapidly Solidified Amorphous and Crystalline Alloys, B.H. Kear, B.C. Giessen, and M. Cohen, eds., Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York, NY, 1982, pp. 317–30.
C. Elvidge, L. Gråbæk, E. Johnson, J.V. Wood, A. Johansen, and L. Sarholt-Kristensen:Processing of Structural Metals by Rapid Solidification, Orlando, FL, Oct. 6–9, 1986, ASM INTERNATIONAL, Metals Park, OH, 1987.
E. Johnson, L. Gråbæk, J.V. Wood, A. Johansen and L. Sarholt-Kristensen:Mater. Sci. and Eng., 1988, vol. 98, pp. 301–03.
Y. Inokuti and B. Cantor:J. Mater. Sci., 1977, vol. 12, pp. 946–58.
J.J. Demo: inHandbook of Stainless Steels, D. Peckner and I.M. Bernstein, eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1977, ch. 5, pp. 1–40.
U. Siegel, H.-J. Spies, and H.-J. Eckstein:Steel Research, 1986, vol. 57, pp. 25–32.
G. El Nayal and J. Beech:Mater. Sci. Tech., 1986, vol. 2, pp. 603–10.
J.C. Lippold:Weld. J. Res. Suppl., 1985, vol. 64, pp. 127s-36s.
S.A. David, J.M. Vitek, and T.L. Hebble:Weld. J. Res. Suppl., 1987, vol. 66, pp. 289s-300s.
F.B. Pickering:Physical Metallurgy and the Design of Steels, Applied Science Publishers, Ltd., London, 1978, pp. 163–81, 226–67.
W.T. DeLong:Metal Progress, 1960, vol. 77, pp. 98–101.
J.V. Wood and R.W.K. Honeycombe: inTreatise on Materials Science and Technology, Academic Press, New York, NY, 1981, vol. 20, pp. 117–81.
D.A. Porter and K.E. Easterling:Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, Van Nostrand Reinhold, U.K., 1981, pp. 372–77.
P. Gütlich, R. Link and A. Trautwein:Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Transition Metal Chemistry, Springer, Berlin, 1978, pp. 4–40.
C.E. Johnson, M.S. Ridout, and T.E. Chranshaw:Proc. Phys. Soc., 1963, vol. 81, pp. 1079–90.
G.K. Wertheim, V. Jaccarino, J.H. Wernick, and D.N.E. Buchanan:Phys. Rev. Lett., 1964, vol. 12, pp. 24–27.
M.B. Stearns:Phys. Rev., 1966, vol. 147, pp. 439–53.
I. Vincze and I.A. Campbell:J. Phys. F, 1973, vol. 3, pp. 647–63.
S. Nagy, E. Kuzmann, A. Vértes, G. Szabó, and G. Konczos:Nucl. Inst. and Meth., 1988, vol. B34, pp. 217–23.
G.M. Gordon: Conference held at Unieux-Firminy, France, June 12–16, 1973, published inStress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Iron Base Alloys, R.W. Staehle, J. Hochmann, R.D. McCright, and J.E. Slater, eds., 1977, pp. 893–945.
J.V. Wood and R.W.K. Honeycombe:Phil. Mag. A, 1978, vol. 37, pp. 501–15.
J.V. Wood and R.W.K. Honeycombe:Mater. Sci. and Eng., 1979, vol. 38, pp. 217–26.
H. Roy-Poulsen: Ph.D. Thesis, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1985.
L.H. Schwartz:Int. J. Nondestr. Test., 1970, vol. 1, pp. 353–81.
L.J. Schwartzendruber, L.H. Bennett, E.A. Schoefer, W.T. DeLong, and H.C. Campbell:Weld. J. Res. Suppl., 1974, vol. 53, pp. 1s-12s.
R.S. Preston, S.S. Hanna and J. Heberle:Phys. Rev., 1962, vol. 128, pp. 2207–18.
R.N. Wright, J.E. Flinn and G.E. Korth: inMRS Symp. Proc., B.C. Giessen, D.E. Polk, and A.I. Taub, eds., MRS, Pittsburgh, PA, 1986, vol. 58, pp. 437–40.
C.N. Elliot, H.A. Davies and G.W. Greenwood:Mater. Sci. and Eng., 1988, vol. 98, pp. 285–89.
T.F. Kelly, M. Cohen and J.B. Vander-Sande:Metall. Trans. A, 1984, vol. 15A, pp. 819–33.
J.V. Bee and J.V. Wood:Metal. Sci., 1982, vol. 16, pp. 268–74.
J.M. Vitek, A. Dasgupta and S.A. David:Metall. Trans. A, 1983, vol. 14A, pp. 1833–41.
L.H. Schwartz and K.J. Kim:Metall. Trans. A, 1976, vol. 7A, pp. 1567–70.
R.K. Pitler:Processing and Properties of Advanced High Temperature Alloys, N.J. Grant Symposium, Cambridge, MA, June 17–18, 1985, ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1986, pp. 1–10.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
L. GRÅBÆK, formerly Graduate Student, Physics Laboratory, University of Copenhagen
J.V. WOOD, Professor, formerly with the Material Science Department, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gråbæk, L., Johnson, E. & Wood, J.V. Phase distributions in rapidly solidified stainless steels. Metall Trans A 20, 2259–2266 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02666661
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02666661