Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nucleation kinetics of grain boundary allotriomorphs of proeutectoid ferrite in Fe-C-Mn-X2 alloys

  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The steady-state nucleation rates of ferrite allotriomorphs at the “faces” of austenite grain boundaries were measured in Fe-C-X1-X2 alloys, where X1 was Mn and X2 was successively Si, Ni, and Co, using techniques previously developed for counterpart studies on Fe-C and Fe-C-X alloys. The results were compared with the predictions of the classical nucleation theory, using the pillbox-shaped critical nucleus model. The volume free energy changes associated with nucleation in Fe-C-X1-X2 quaternary systems were evaluated from the central atoms model (CAM) for both para- and orthoequilibrium modes of transformation. The nucleation process was assumed to be controlled by volume and/or grain boundary diffusion of alloying elements. The so-called synergistic effects of alloying elements were considered in terms of the volume free energy change and interfacial energies on the basis of the results of the nucleation rate measurements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. M. Enomoto, W.F. Lange III, and H.I. Aaronson:Metall. Trans. A, 1986, vol. 17A, pp. 1399–1407.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. W.F. Lange III, M. Enomoto, and H.I. Aaronson:Metall. Trans. A, 1988, vol. 19A, pp. 427–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. M. Enomoto and H.I. Aaronson:Metall. Trans. A, 1986, vol. 17A,pp. 1385–97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. W.F. Lange III, M. Enomoto, and H.I. Aaronson:Int. Mat. Rev.,1989, vol. 34, p. 125.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. K.R. Kinsman and H.I. Aaronson:Transformation and Hardenability in Steels, Climax Molybdenum Co., Ann Arbor,MI, 1967, p. 39.

    Google Scholar 

  6. R.C. Sharma and G.R. Purdy:Metall. Trans., 1973, vol. 4,pp. 2303–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. H.A. Schwartz:Met. Alloys, 1934, vol. 5, p. 139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. S.A. Saltykov:Stereometric Metallography, 2nd ed.,Metallurgizdat, Moscow, 1958 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  9. J.S. Kirkaldy:Metall. Trans., 1973, vol. 4, pp. 2327–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. CF. Jatczak:Metall. Trans., 1973, vol. 4, pp.2261–11.

    Google Scholar 

  11. J.S. Kirkaldy, B.A. Thomson, and E. Baganis:Hardenability Concepts with Applications to Steel, TMS-AIME, Warrendale,PA, 1978, p. 82.

    Google Scholar 

  12. W.W. Cias and D.V. Doane:Metall. Trans., 1973, vol. 4,pp. 2257–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. G.R. Brophy and A.J. Miller:Trans. AIME, 1946, vol. 167,p. 654.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hillert: Internal Report, Swedish Institute for Metals Research,Stockholm, Sweden, 1953.

  15. J.R. Bradley and H.I. Aaronson:Metall. Trans. A, 1981, vol. 12A,pp. 1729–41.

    Google Scholar 

  16. K.R. Kinsman and H.I. Aaronson:Metall. Trans., 1973, vol. 4,p. 959.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. J.B. Gilmour, G.R. Purdy, and J.S. Kirkaldy:Metall. Trans.,1972, vol. 3, pp. 1455–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. T. Tanaka, H.I. Aaronson, and M. Enomoto:Metall. Mater.Trans. A, 1995, vol. 26A, pp. 561–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. H.I. Aaronson, N.A. Gjostein, H.W. Paxton, and R.W. Heckel:Rev. Sci. lnstr., 1957, vol. 28, p. 579.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. W.F. Lange III and J.M. Rigsbee:Metallography, 1980, vol. 13,p. 375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. C.H.P. Lupis and J.F. Elliot:Acta Metall., 1967, vol. 15, p. 265.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. E.-H. Foo and C.H.P. Lupis:Acta Metall., 1973, vol. 21, p. 1409.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Enomoto and H.I. Aaronson:CALPHAD, 1985, vol. 9, p. 43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. M. Hillert and L.I. Staffansson:Ada Chem. Scand., 1970,vol. 24, p. 3618.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. B. Uhrenius:Hardenability Concepts with Applications to Steel,TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1978, p. 28.

    Google Scholar 

  26. K. Hashiguchi, J.S. Kirkaldy, T. Fukuzumi, and V. Pavaskar:CALPHAD, 1984, vol. 8, p. 173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. K.C. Russell:Phase Transformations, ASM, Metals Park, OH,1970, p. 219.

    Google Scholar 

  28. M. Hillert:Lectures on the Theory of Phase Transformation, TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1975, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  29. M. Enomoto and H.I. Aaronson:Metall. Trans. A, 1986, vol. 17A,pp. 1381–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. R. Trivedi and G.M. Pound:Ada Metall., 1967, vol. 15, p. 1761.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. W.B. Pearson:Handbook of Lattice Spacings and Structures ofMetals, Pergamon Press, New York, NY, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  32. J. Fridberg, L.-E. Torndahl, and M. Hillert:Jernkontorets Ann.,1969, vol. 153, p. 263.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. T. Tanaka, H.I. Aaronson, and M. Enomoto:Metall. Mater.Trans. A, 1995, vol. 26A, pp. 535–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. V.G. Rivlin:Int. Met. Rev., 1983, vol. 28, p. 309.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. V.G. Rivlin and G.V. Raynor:Int. Met. Rev., 1983, vol. 28,p. 23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. H.I. Aaronson and J.K. Lee:Lectures on the Theory of Phase Transformations, TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1975, p. 83.

    Google Scholar 

  37. C. Wells, W. Bats, and R.F. Mehl:Trans. AIME, 1950, vol. 188,p. 553.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. L.E. Murr:Interfacial Phenomena in Metals and Alloys, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA, 1975, p. 125.

    Google Scholar 

  39. J.W. Cahn and W.C. Hagel:Decomposition of Austenite byDiffusional Processes, Interscience, New York, NY, 1962, p. 131.

    Google Scholar 

  40. M.P. Puls and T.S. Kirkaldy:Metall. Trans., 1972, vol. 3,pp. 2777–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. E.S.K. Menon and H.I. Aaronson:Metall. Trans. A, 1986,vol. 17A, pp. 1703–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. A. Hultgren:Jernkontorets Ann., 1951, vol. 135, p. 403.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Steel Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel Corporation, 299-12, Chiba, Japan

    T. Tanaka (Chief Researcher)

  2. stationed in the Physical Metallurgy Branch, Code 6320, at the Naval Research Laboratory, 20375-5343, Washington, DC

    H. I. Aaronson

  3. Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 316, Ibaraki, Japan

    M. Enomoto (Professor)

Authors
  1. T. Tanaka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. I. Aaronson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. Enomoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Formerly Graduate Student, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh,PA

Formerly R.F. Mehl Professor Emeritus at Carnegie Mellon University, is with GEO-Centers, Inc., Ft. Washington, MD,

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tanaka, T., Aaronson, H.I. & Enomoto, M. Nucleation kinetics of grain boundary allotriomorphs of proeutectoid ferrite in Fe-C-Mn-X2 alloys. Metall Mater Trans A 26, 547–559 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02663905

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02663905

Keywords

Search

Navigation