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Fluid flow and mass transfer in an inductively stirred four-ton melt of molten steel: A comparison of measurements and predictions

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Abstract

Experimental measurements are reported on melt velocities and on the rate at which immersed carbon rods dissolve in a 4-ton induction furnace, holding a low carbon steel melt. These measurements are compared with theoretical predictions, based on the numerical solution of Maxwell’s equations and the turbulent Navier-Stokes equations. In general, good agreement has been obtained, both regarding the absolute values of the velocities and the mass transfer coefficients and the trends predicted by the theoretical analysis. In addition to providing further proof regarding the applicability of the mathematical modeling technique, the principal contribution of the work is that it provides an improved insight into the behavior of inductively stirred melts. In particular it was found that for an inductively stirred melt both the velocities and the rate of turbulence energy dissipation are relatively uniform spatially, in contrast to bubble stirred systems, where most of the agitation is confined to the jet plume and to the near surface region. It was found, furthermore, that the mass transfer coefficient characterizing the rate of dissolution of immersed carbon rods depends both on the absolute values of the melt velocity and on the local values of the turbulence intensity; thus significant mass transfer will occur in the region of the eye of the circulation, where the absolute value of the mean velocity is small.

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Abbreviations

A :

vector potential (Wb/m)

B :

magnetic flux density (Wb/m2)

d :

diameter of graphite rod (m)

D :

carbon diffusivity in iron (m2/s)

Fs :

electromagnetic stirring force (N/m3)

h :

mass transfer coefficient (m/s)

I :

coil current (A)

J :

induced eddy current (A/m2)

k :

turbulent kinetic energy (m2 s2)

p :

pressure (N/m2)

r :

radial coordinate (m)

S :

cross-sectional area of elementary circuit (m2)

Uz,Ur :

axial and radial velocity, respectively (m/s)

Uc, max :

maxmaximum velocity at the centerline

U loc :

local velocity in the melt (m/s)

z :

axial coordinate (m)

μo :

magnetic permeability (H/m)

μl :

laminar viscosity (kg/m · s)

μeff :

effective viscosity (kg/m · s)

ρ:

density of the melt (kg/m3)

ε:

turbulent energy dissipation (m2 s3)

σ:

electric conductivity (Ohm · m)-1

ω :

frequency

NRe :

Reynolds number-ρU locd/ωl

Tu:

turbulence intensity-(U′2)1/2/Uc,max

N Sh :

Sherwood numberhd/D

N Sc :

Schmidt number ω/ρD

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mining, Petroleum, and Metallurgy, Cairo University, Egypt

    N. El-Kaddah (Associate Professor)

  2. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, Cambridge, MA

    J. Szekely (Professor, Materials Engineering)

  3. MEFOS, Luleå, Sweden

    G. Carlsson

Authors
  1. N. El-Kaddah
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  2. J. Szekely
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  3. G. Carlsson
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On leave at Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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El-Kaddah, N., Szekely, J. & Carlsson, G. Fluid flow and mass transfer in an inductively stirred four-ton melt of molten steel: A comparison of measurements and predictions. Metall Trans B 15, 633–640 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02657283

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02657283

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