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Kinetics of removal of bismuth and lead from molten copper alloys in vacuum induction melting

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Abstract

An investigation was made of the rates of removal of bismuth and lead from molten copper alloys stirred differently under vacuum at 1403 K. The heating conditions, which corresponded to highest, intermediate, and lowest stirring, were referred to as HC-A, HC-B, and HC-C, respectively. The rates of removal were described by a first-order rate equation involving the final concentration of the impurity. The overall mass-transfer coefficient for bismuth or lead (i),K i, was determined, and it was found that Ki(HC-A) > Ki(HC-B) but Ki(HC-B) < Ki(HC-C) in Cu-Bi, Cu-Pb, and Cu-Bi-Pb alloys. In general, it was found that Ki(Cu-Bi-Pb) > Ki(Cu-Bi) or Ki(Cu-Pb). Oxygen reducedK i more than sulfur. The reducing effect of oxygen and sulfur was weakened when stirring rate increased. In vacuum melting of Cu-Bi-Pb-O and Cu-Bi-Pb-S alloys under HC-C,K i tended to decrease with increasing oxygen and sulfur concentrations. The loss of copper indicated that the rates were determined by liquid-phase mass-transfer and evaporation. The liquid-phase mass-transfer coefficient,K L, was calculated, and it was found thatK L(UC- A) > KL(HC-B) but KL(HC-B) < KL(HC-C). The last relation was contrary to current theoretical prediction. A new model was assumed to account for this fact. The observed relative volatility coefficients of bismuth and lead were much smaller than their respective theoretical coefficients. Oxygen and sulfur adsorbed on the surface of the melt were considered to be close to equilibrium with their respective bulk concentrations, and their effects on the evaporation mass-transfer coefficients for bismuth and lead were estimated to be fairly small. This result means that the observed reduction ofK i is due mostly to the decrease inK L and made possible the calculation ofK L. Oxygen decreasedK L more than sulfur. In vacuum melting of Cu-Bi-Pb-O and Cu-Bi-Pb-S alloys under HC-C,K L decreased linearly with increasing oxygen or sulfur concentration. The final concentrations of bismuth and lead in these alloys under HC-C tended to increase with increasing oxygen and sulfur concentrations and tended to decrease with increasingK i andK L.

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  1. Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 980, Katahira, Sendai, Japan

    Reiichi Ohno (Associate Professor)

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  1. Reiichi Ohno
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Ohno, R. Kinetics of removal of bismuth and lead from molten copper alloys in vacuum induction melting. Metall Trans B 22, 447–465 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02654283

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02654283

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