Thermodynamics of converting lead sulfide

Abstract

Available thermodynamic data on the Pb-S-O system are reviewed and collated to establish a quantitative equilibrium model for processes of converting and direct smelting of PbS concentrates to Pb. The thermodynamic properties of Pb-S liquid solutions are well represented by an empirical model which treats these solutions as “regular” mixtures of liquid Pb and liquid PbS. The calculations and equilibrium diagrams for the Pb-S-O system show that close control of oxygen activity and temperature will be required for a successful lead converting process, and that in fact a multistage countercurrent process should be advantageous.