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Inclusion phases and the nucleation of acicular ferrite in submerged arc welds in high strength low alloy steels

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Abstract

Series of submerged arc welds of HSLA steel made with three different fluxes and metallic additions of Ti, Mo, and Cr have been examined to study the inclusions and their role in the nucleation of acicular ferrite. Inclusion phases and compositions have been analyzed by electron diffraction and X-ray microanalysis. These analyses have shown that the inclusions contained many different compounds, the proportions of each depending upon both the flux and metallic additions. Six inclusion phases have been identified: galaxite (Al2O3 ⋅ MnO), a titanium-rich compound (probably TiO), a copper sulfide, a manganese sulfide, a silica, and an aluminum-rich phase. No correlation was found between the amount of acicular ferrite in the weld metal and either average inclusion composition or individual inclusion phases. No epitaxial relationships between inclusions and adjacent ferrite grains could be identified. It has been concluded that inclusions nucleate acicular ferrite by acting as inert substrates according to the classical theory of heterogeneous nucleation. Because most inclusions are multi-phase and are touched by several ferrite grains, it has also been concluded that each inclusion can nucleate several ferrite grains, due to local regions of high surface energy on the inclusion.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Waterloo, ON, Canada

    J. M. Dowling (Research Associate)

  2. Guelph-Waterloo Program for Graduate Work in Physics, Waterloo Campus, The University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Waterloo, ON, Canada

    J. M. Corbett (Professor)

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Waterloo, ON, Canada

    H. W. Kerr (Professor)

Authors
  1. J. M. Dowling
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  2. J. M. Corbett
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  3. H. W. Kerr
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Dowling, J.M., Corbett, J.M. & Kerr, H.W. Inclusion phases and the nucleation of acicular ferrite in submerged arc welds in high strength low alloy steels. Metall Trans A 17, 1611–1623 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02650098

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