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Clay minerals with expanding lattice in the crystalline bedrock of Finland

Mineraux Argileux Presentant une Structure Reticulaire Expansible, dans le Socle Cristallin de Finlande

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Summary

One hundred samples of soft, clayey material taken from bedrock fractures and veins in different parts of Finland have been subjected to X-ray analysis, and 50 of the samples also to a free swelling test (10 cm3 of air-dried clay was placed in a 50 cm3 cylinder filled with distilled water). The free swelling of the samples ranged from zero (i.e. from 10 cm3) to 31 cm3.

The clays that increased in volume to more than 13 cm3 proved under X-ray analysis to contain various amounts of smectite. In general, the amount of smectite was not proportional to the free swelling capacity.

According to the sampled material, smectite-bearing clay is present in at least about 40 per cent of the clayey veins and weathering zones in the crystalline bedrock of Finland. Thus far, however, the swelling phenomenon has not been found to be responsible for damage to rock excavations. The formation and occurrence of smectite as a secondary mineral depends on the intensity of leaching rather than on the petrographic character of the bedrock.

Résumé

Cent échantillons de matière argileuse tendre, prélevés dans des fractures et filonnets du socle cristallin de diverses régions de Finlande, ont été soumis à l’analyse aux rayons X. Cinquante de ces échantillons ont été soumis aussi à un essai de gonflement libre (10 cm3 d’argile séchée à l’air sont placés dans un cylindre de 50 cm3 que l’on remplit d’eau distillée). Pour les divers échantillons, le gonflement libre se situe entre O (c. à d. 10 cm3 au total) et 31 cm3.

Les argiles dont le volume dépassa 13 cm3 au cours de l’essai contenaient, en diverses proportions, de la smectite décelable aux rayons X. En général, la quantité de smectite n’était pas proportionnelle à l’accroissement du volume.

D’après l’échantillonnage effectué, on trouve de l’argile contenant de la smectite dans au moins 40 % environ des fissures argileuses et des zones d’altération du socle cristallin de Finlande. Cependant, jusqu’ici, on n’a pas trouvé d’exemple de dommages causés aux excavations en roche, dont le phénomène de gonflement serait responsable. La formation et la présence de smectite comme minéral secondaire dépend de l’intensité du lessivage plus que du caractère pétrographique du socle cristallin.

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Uusinoka, R., Alkio, R. Clay minerals with expanding lattice in the crystalline bedrock of Finland. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology 14, 105–107 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02634740

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