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Surgical treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

Die chirurgische Therapie der chronischen thrombembolischen pulmonalen Hypertonie

  • Main Topics: New Techniques In Thoracic Surgery
  • Published:
Acta Chirurgica Austriaca Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Background: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary artery obstruction from unresolved pulmonary emboli is characterized by persistent elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance and progressive right heart dysfunction and failure. The diagnosis of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is difficult and often missed. Medical therapy is ineffective in these patients. The prognosis is poor and depends on the degree of pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy has proven to be an effective and potentially curative surgical therapy for this clinical entity although less than 1000 cases have been reported in the surgical literature.

Methods: The current principles of diagnosis, patient selection for surgery, surgical technique, and postoperative management are summarized.

Results: 156 pulmonary thromboendarterectomy procedures have been performed. Based on modifications of the operative and postoperative management, early mortality rates could be decreased from 24 % in 109 patients operated on before 1995 to 8.5 % in 47 patients operated on since January 1995. 56 patients reported a substantial improvement of clinical symptoms after a mean follow-up period of 31 months. At follow-up, mean pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressures were significantly reduced compared to preoperative and postoperative values.

Conclusions: Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy is an effective and potentially curative surgical procedure for chronic pulmonary embolism. The operative risk can be decreased to an acceptable level. Long-term clinical and hemodynamic results are excellent.

Zusammenfassung

Grundlagen: Die chronische, durch nicht aufgelöste Lungenembolien bedingte Obstruktion der Pulmonalarterien führt zu einer persistierenden Erhöhung des pulmonalen Gefäßwiderstands und progredientem Rechtsherzversagen. Die Diagnose der chronischen thrombembolischen pulmonalen Hypertonie ist schwierig und wird häufig falsch oder sehr spät gestellt. Die konservative Therapie ist bei diesen Patienten ineffektiv. Die Spontanprognose ist schlecht und korreliert mit dem Schweregrad der pulmonalen Hypertonie. Die pulmonale Thrombendarterektomie hat sich als effektives und potentiell kuratives chirurgisches Therapieverfahren bei diesem Patientengut etabliert, obwohl weltweit bislang weniger als 1000 Operationen in der Literatur berichtet wurden.

Methodik: Die derzeit gültigen Prinzipien der Diagnostik, Patientenauswahl, Operationstechnik und des postoperativen Managements werden zusammengefaßt.

Ergebnisse: 156 Patienten wurden einer pulmonalen Thrombendarterektomie unterzogen. Durch Änderungen des operativen und postoperativen Konzepts konnte die Frühletalität von 24 % bei 109 vor 1995 operierten Patienten auf 8,5 % bei 47 seit Jänner 1995 operierten Patienten reduziert werden. Bei einer Nachuntersuchung nach im Mittel 31 Monaten gaben 56 Patienten eine substantielle Verbesserung ihrer klinischen Symptomatik an. Bei diesen Patienten waren die pulmonalen Gefäßwiderstände und Pulmonalarteriendrucke signifikant niedriger als präoperativ und direkt postoperativ.

Schlußfolgerungen: Die pulmonale Thrombendarterektomie ist ein effektiver und potentiell kurativer Eingriff bei Patienten mit chronischer thrombembolischer pulmonaler Hypertonie. Das Operationsrisiko kann auf ein akzeptables Niveau reduziert werden. Die klinischen und hämodynamischen Langzeitergebnisse sind sehr gut.

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Correspondence to E. Mayer M. D..

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Mayer, E., Kramm, T., Dalun, M. et al. Surgical treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Acta Chir Austriaca 31, 308–313 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02619931

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02619931

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