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Growth hormone release in unstable diabetes: Tests with saline, arginine, glucagon, and epinephrine

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Riassunto

Gli AA. hanno confrontato, in 8 soggetti con diabete instabile, 4 con diabete stabile e 5 normali, le modificazioni dei livelli plasmatici di HGH durante somministrazione di arginina, glucagone, adrenalina e soluzione fisiologica. Questi stessi soggetti erano stati precedentemente sottoposti al test dell’ipoglicemia insulinica e la variabilità della loro glicemia era stata quantificata in condizioni di vita simili a quelle normali (attività fisica ed alimentazione). Rispetto alla infusione di soluzione fisiologica, l’arginina ha determinato incrementi significativamente maggiori dell’HGH; tale effetto non è stato invece osservabile con il glucagone o l’adrenalina. In confronto con i valori pre-infusione, l’adrenalina ha dato luogo a riduzione delle concentrazioni di HGH. Le caratteristiche degli aumenti e delle diminuzioni medî dei livelli di HGH indotti dalla somministrazione di arginina sono risultate simili nei 3 gruppi di soggetti. Solo durante l’infusione di soluzione fisiologica, nei pazienti affetti da diabete instabile sono state osservate concentrazioni dell’ormone significativamente più alte che non in quelli con diabete stabile o nei soggetti normali. In tali pazienti, gli incrementi maggiori o simili dell’HGH erano sempre accompagnati da valori di glucosio ematico — e spesso anche di NEFA e di corpi chetonici — più elevati di quelli riscontrati nei soggetti con diabete stabile e negli individui normali. Nel diabete instabile, la liberazione di HGH è anormale in quanto non viene inibita dall’iperglicemia. Tale anomalia è associata ad una difettosa modulazione della glicemia e di altre variabili, mediata dalla incapacità di secernere insulina endogena.

Résumé

Sur 8 sujets avec diabète instable, 4 avec diabète stable et 5 sujets normaux, les auteurs ont comparé les modifications des niveaux plasmatiques de HGH pendant l’administration d’arginine, de glucagon, d’adrénaline et de sérum physiologique. Les mêmes sujets avaient été soumis précédemment au test de l’hypoglycémie insulinique, et la variabilité de leur glycémie avait été quantifiée en conditions de vie semblables aux normales (relativement à l’activité physique et à l’alimentation). Par rapport à l’infusion de sérum physiologique, l’arginine a provoqué une augmentation remarquablement plus élevée de HGH; le glucagon et l’adrénaline, au contraire, n’ont pas provoqué cet effet. Relativement aux niveaux antérieurs à l’infusion, l’adrénaline a provoqué une réduction des concentrations de HGH. Les caractéristiques des augmentations et des diminutions moyennes des niveaux de HGH provoquées par l’arginine, sont résultées semblables dans les trois groupes de sujets. Seulement pendant l’infusion de sérum physiologique, les concentrations de l’hormone étaient remarquablement plus élevées chez les patients avec diabète instable que chez les patients avec diabète stable ou chez les sujets normaux. Chez ces patients, les accroissements plus forts de HGH étaient toujours accompagnés par des valeurs du glucose hématique — et souvent aussi des NEFA et des corps cétoniques — plus élevées que celles trouvées dans les sujets avec diabète stable et chez les individus normaux. Dans le diabète instable, la libération de HGH est anormale, puisqu’elle n’est pas inhibée par l’hyperglycémie. Cette anomalie est associée à une défectueuse modulation soit de la glycémie, soit d’autres variables, due à l’absence de sécrétion insulinique endogène.

Resumen

Se han comparado los cambios en las concentraciones plasmáticas de hormona de crecimiento (HGH) durante la administración de arginina, glucagón, epinefrina y solución salina en 8 diabéticos inestables, 4 diabéticos estables y 5 sujetos normales. Previamente, todos estos sujetos habían sido estudiados mediante la inducción de hipoglicemia insulínica y la variabilidad de sus glicemias había sido cuantificada en condiciones parecidas a las de la vida ordinaria (ambulatorias y con alimentación). En comparación con la infusión salina, la arginina indujó elevaciones significativamente mayores de HGH, efecto que no fué observado con el glucagón o la epinefrina. En comparación con los niveles previos al comienzo de la infusión, la epinefrina disminuyó las concentraciones de HGH. Las características de las elevaciones y disminuciones promedio de HGH luego de la administración de arginina fueron similares en los 3 grupos de sujetos. Únicamente durante la infusión salina los diabéticos inestables tuvieron concentraciones de HGH significativamente más altas que los diabéticos estables y los sujetos normales. Los mayores o similares incrementos de HGH en los diabéticos inestables se presentaron siempre con glicemias, y frecuentemente niveles de ácidos grasos no esterificados y cuerpos cetónicos más elevados que en los diabéticos estables y los normales. La liberación de HGH es anormal en la diabetes inestable, no siendo inhibida por la hiperglicemia. Esta anormalidad está asociada a una modulación defectuosa de la glicemia y otras variables, mediada por la incapacidad para segregar insulina endógena.

Zusammenfassung

Bei 8 labilen und 4 stabilen Diabetikern und 5 Normalpersonen verglichen die Verfasser die Änderungen der Plasmaspiegel von HGH unter Verabreichung von Arginin, Glukagon, Adrenalin und physiologischer Kochsalzlösung. Vorher war bei den gleichen Probanden die Probe der Insulin-Hypoglykämie durchgeführt und die Variabilität des Blutzuckerspiegels unter normalen Lebensbedingungen ähnlichen Verhältnissen (körperliche Tätigkeit und Ernährung) quantifiziert worden. Im Vergleich mit der Infusion physiologischer Kochsalzlösung rief Arginin eine signifikant grössere Zunahme des HGH hervor. Diese Wirkung konnte mit Glukagon und Adrenalin nicht beobachtet werden. Im Vergleich zu den vor der Infusion gemessenen Werten führte Adrenalin zu einem Abfall der HGH-Konzentration. Die Art der mittleren Zu-und Abnahme des HGH-Spiegels infolge der Argininverabreichung war bei den drei Gruppen ähnlich. Nur während der Infusion von physiologischer Kochsalzlösung wurden bei labilen Diabetikern signifikant höhere Hormonkonzentrationen beobachter als bei stabilen Diabetikern und Normalpersonen. Bei diesen Patienten gingen ähnliche oder grössere Anstiege des HGH immer mit höheren Blutzuckerspiegeln und häufig auch mit höheren NEFA- und Ketonkörperwerten einher als bei stabilen Diabetikern und Normalpersonen. Beim labilen Diabetes ist die HGH-Freisetzung insofern abnorm, als ein erhöhter Blutzuckerspiegel sie nicht hemmt. Diese Anomalie ist infolge der mangelnden Sekretion endogenen Insulins mit einer defekten Modulation des Blutzuckers und anderer Variablen verbunden.

Summary

Changes in plasma growth hormone (HGH) concentrations during tests with arginine, glucagon, epinephrine and saline were compared in 8 unstable and 4 stable diabetics, and 5 normal subjects. These same subjects had previously also been tested with insulin-induced hypoglycemia and their blood glucose variability had been quantified during near-normal (ambulatory-fed) living conditions. Compared with saline infusion, arginine induced higher HGH increases but glucagon and epinephrine did not. Compared to preinfusion levels, epinephrine decreased HGH concentrations. Patterns of mean HGH increase and decrease after arginine were similar in the 3 groups of subjects. Only during saline infusion did unstable diabetics have higher peak levels than did stable diabetics and normal subjects. The higher or similar increases of HGH in unstable diabetics always occurred at higher concentrations of blood glucose and frequently, but not invariably, at higher concentrations of serum free fatty acids and ketone bodies than in stable diabetics and in normals. HGH release is abnormal in unstable diabetics in that hyperglycemia does not inhibit the release of HGH. The abnormality is associated with impaired modulation of blood glucose and other variables through inability to secrete endogenous insulin.

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This investigation was supported in part by Research Grant AM-10152 from the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, and by a grant from the Endicott-Bohn Foundation, Detroit, Michigan.

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Cremer, G.M., Molnar, G.D., Taylor, W.F. et al. Growth hormone release in unstable diabetes: Tests with saline, arginine, glucagon, and epinephrine. Acta diabet. lat 10, 1216–1235 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02590712

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